International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology
The International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology (IJSCET) is a single-blind peer-reviewed journal of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. It publishes regular issues in June and December every year. IJSCET is a forum for the publication and dissemination of original research work related to the issues of sustainability, green technology, optimization, sustainable environment, strategic approach, biodiversity, ecological and economic development. The journal publishes a wide range of quality research and application articles. More details
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Flood Risk Assessment in the Sungai Senggarang Catchment Using InfoWorks ICM
Flooding poses a significant threat to low-lying areas, affecting lives, infrastructure, and ecosystems, and is further intensified by climate change, urbanization, and extreme weather. This study investigates the Sungai Senggarang catchment in Batu Pahat, Johor, using InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Modelling (ICM), a hydrodynamic software that generates 2D floodplain models to develop flood maps. The area, known for its susceptibility to flooding, is predominantly low-lying and lies downstream of the region's waterways, making it crucial to understand flood behavior and associated risks. The flood map was developed by integrating a 3D ground model from GIS with hydrological and hydraulic parameters of the study area. Detailed survey data of Sungai Senggarang, together with historical rainfall records from the 2006/2007 major flood event, were used in the simulation. Flood maps were produced for both current (2016) and projected future (2030) land use scenarios, simulated using design storms with average recurrence intervals (ARIs) of 20, 50, and 100 years for a 6-hour critical storm. Results indicated increased runoff and flood impacts under future development scenarios. The software's effectiveness was validated by the close similarity between the simulated present-day 50-year ARI flood map and the historical 2006/2007 flood event. This study demonstrates that advanced flood modelling software can provide critical insights into the extent and severity of flooding under varying development and climate conditions, supporting the integration of hydrological, hydraulic, and topographic data for more effective flood risk management.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Immersive Learning in Construction and Civil Engineering Education
Immersive learning has gained increasing attention in construction and civil engineering education as institutions confront the demands of Industry 4.0 and the learning preferences of Generation Z. Although virtual, augmented, mixed, and extended reality (VR/AR/MR/XR) technologies have demonstrated strong potential to enhance experiential, interactive, and scenario-based instruction, their adoption remains fragmented and underdeveloped - particularly in developing countries such as Vietnam. This study conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of 33 peer-reviewed publications to examine global applications of immersive learning in construction and civil engineering higher education. The findings reveal six dominant thematic domains: safety and hazard recognition, design and visualization, construction methods and procedures, project management and collaboration, robotics and equipment training, and energy and environmental simulation. Building on these themes, the study proposes the Immersive Learning Integration Framework for Construction and Civil Engineering Education (ILIF-CEE), which organizes immersive learning into five dimensions: learning objectives, technology types, interaction and immersion mechanisms, learning outcomes, and implementation enablers and barriers. The framework provides a structured foundation for integrating immersive tools into AEC curricula and for supporting institutional digital-transformation strategies. The study contributes consolidated evidence based on the reviewed publications, identifies critical challenges, and outlines practical implications for educators and policymakers seeking to adopt immersive learning.
construction and civil engineering education
Architecture, Engineering and Construction
Benchmarking the Implementation of Urban Tree Protection Legislative Provisions (TPLPs) for Construction Projects
Urban trees are highly susceptible to damage during construction activities, making effective urban Tree Protection Legislative Provisions (TPLPs) crucial for safeguarding environmental, social, and economic benefits in cities. In Malaysia, TPLPs embedded in the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) empower the local planning authorities (LPAs) to enforce requirements for tree protection. However, recurring incidences of unauthorised tree removal indicate shortcomings in implementation. This study benchmarks Malaysia’s TPLP implementation practices against those in Australia and the United Kingdom, where more established standards exist for protecting trees on development sites. A deductive thematic analysis of LPA websites and official documents from both countries was conducted to identify success factors, which were then mapped against four components in the existing Malaysian TPLP implementation framework: Publicity, Protected Tree List, Planning Permission Procedures, and Enforcement Plan. The benchmarking results revealed a set of perceived success factors that enhance the original framework and inform the proposal of potential Critical Success Factors (CSFs) tailored for the Malaysian context. These CSFs underscore the importance of raising stakeholder awareness, improving access to protected-tree information, strengthening procedural requirements within planning approvals, and reinforcing enforcement mechanisms. The revised framework provides strategic guidance for LPAs to improve governance and practical implementation of Act 172 for construction projects.
Integrating Technology for Construction Site Safety Management (CSSM) in Pakistan: Challenges and Ways Forward
Construction in Pakistan remains one of the most hazardous sectors globally, with persistent safety lapses and slow adoption of modern technologies. This study investigates the obstacles preventing effective integration of technology into Construction Site Safety Management (CSSM). Despite global progress in CSSM technologies like IoT, BIM, AR/VR, and AI, Pakistani construction sites largely depend on manual safety practices. This results in low efficiency and increased workplace hazards. The primary objective is to identify and major barriers to integrating technology in CSSM within Pakistan and propose practical, context-sensitive solutions for advancing safety protocols. Adopting a sequential explanatory design, the research began with a quantitative survey of Pakistani construction professionals to rank challenges in technology adoption. Following the survey, qualitative interviews were conducted with industry experts to delve deeper into these barriers and explore feasible solutions. Quantitative insights helped shape the qualitative discussions, leading to evidence-based recommendations. The results of the study identified key challenges to technology integration in CSSM, including costly setups, financial limitations, and a significant gap in research and development. Experts suggests potential solutions such as establishing public-private partnerships, initiating modular technological implementations, and setting up dedicated research centers to address these challenges. This finding provide effective recommendations for stakeholders in Pakistan’s construction industry to enhance safety practices through the strategic integration of technology. The proposed solutions offer a roadmap for overcoming financial and research-related challenges, thereby improving occupational safety standards mainly in the construction industry.
Sustainable Stabilization of Peat Soil Using Hydrated and Expanded Perlite
Peat soil, due to its weak engineering properties, poses significant challenges in geotechnical applications. This review critically examines the potential of using sustainable stabilizers, specifically hydrated lime (HL) and expanded perlite (EP), for peat soil stabilization. Studies published in 2020 - 2025, along with selected earlier works, were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness and performance in enhancing peat soil properties, particularly through Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests. Impressive UCS improvements were reported, such as a 13,553.2% increase with quarry dust (QD) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, not all studies included microstructural analysis; those that did utilized Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) to observe bond formation and structural changes in stabilized peat. The review concludes that HL and EP show promise as sustainable alternatives for stabilizing peat, though challenges remain regarding their long-term performance and the potential benefits of combining both stabilizers. Further research is needed to optimize their dosage, durability, and environmental impact under field conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrating TOE, TAM, and UTAUT to Analyze E-Bidding Effectiveness in Vietnam
This study develops an integrated conceptual framework to assess the effectiveness of electronic construction tendering (ECT) in Vietnam’s public procurement sector. Although ECT is legally mandated, implementation remains uneven, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To analyze this complexity, the framework combines three established models - Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) - capturing key dimensions such as infrastructure readiness, organizational capacity, institutional environment, and user behavior. Notably, the study redefines “attitude toward technology” as an organization’s adaptive capacity, rather than individual intention, to reflect Vietnam’s semi-coercive digital transition. The proposed model lays the groundwork for empirical testing and offers concrete policy directions, including subsidized training and mobile-based access for rural SMEs, integration incentives for larger firms, and legal reforms to stabilize the regulatory environment. These insights aim to inform more effective and inclusive digital transformation strategies in the construction sector.
Key Strategies Toward Sustainable Social Housing Stock Development in Vietnam
In response to its commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 11, the government of Vietnam has launched an ambitious national programme aiming to deliver one million social housing units for low-income groups and industrial park workers by 2030. While the quantitative target is clear, the qualitative dimensions of sustainability—covering economic, social, and environmental aspects—remain under-addressed. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of Vietnam’s social housing development, drawing on national data, regional case studies, and policy analyses. It systematically identifies 20 key barriers to sustainable social housing development, categorised under three pillars of sustainability, and evaluates their implications for practice and governance. In response, seven strategic directions are proposed, including financial incentives, regulatory reform, private sector engagement, and green technology adoption. The findings emphasise the need for a more integrated, inclusive, and adaptive housing strategy to close the gap between policy targets and implementation realities. This study contributes to the evolving discourse on affordable housing by aligning national efforts with global sustainability agendas, while offering practical insights for improving housing equity, resilience, and long-term viability in Vietnam.
Toward Net Zero Carbon Buildings Development in Vietnam: Fostering Sustainable Mindsets Among The Future Construction Workforce
Developing a sustainability mindset among future construction professionals is critical for advancing Net Zero Carbon Buildings (NZCB) in Vietnam. This study analyses 613 student survey responses using one-way and two-way ANOVA to examine differences in Sustainability awareness and Benefits, Motivation & Opportunities, and Barriers related to Sustainable mindset across academic years and majors. The results reveal significant gaps: early-year students demonstrate notably lower awareness than final-year students and former students. Similarly, students in Construction Management show less awareness compared to those in Architecture and Civil Engineering. However, significant differences in perceived Benefits, Motivation &amp; Opportunities, and Barriers were found only between early-year and more advanced students, rather than across majors. These findings highlight the importance of integrating sustainability education early in university curricula and tailoring it to specific professional tracks. The results provide a valuable evidence base for shaping policies and educational reforms to cultivate sustainability competencies among Vietnam’s future construction workforce, thereby supporting the national NZCB agenda.
Sustainable Development of Tay Ethnic Village Spaces in Tuyen Quang Province Through The Preservation and Utilization of Traditional Architectural Values
This study investigates the sustainable development of Tay ethnic village spaces in Tuyen Quang province, Vietnam, through the preservation and use of traditional architectural values. Indigenous architectural techniques - formed over many generations to adapt to natural, cultural and social conditions - are rapidly being lost due to urbanization, livelihood transformation and changing development pressures. The study used a multi-method approach, including literature review, field survey, expert consultation and community interviews, with a methodology emphasizing “community-based planning” to assess the current status of traditional architecture and community needs. Focusing on Tan Lap village in Tan Trao commune, the study identified the main architectural features, spatial configurations and socio-cultural functions of Tay stilt houses. Based on these findings, the study proposes sustainable spatial planning strategies that integrate traditional values ​​with contemporary needs to support cultural preservation, community-based tourism and sustainable rural development. This study contributes to ongoing efforts to protect ethnic heritage while promoting inclusive and adaptive rural planning.
Key Factors Influencing the Use of Coal Ash as Construction Material in Vietnam
The accumulation of ash and slag resulting from thermal power plants’s generation poses significant environmental risks to soil, water, and air. The Government of Vietnam has shown particular concern regarding the treatment and management of ash and slag produced by coal-fired power plants. In pursuit of sustainable development goals, the government aims for 80% of the total amount of ash and slag produced by these plants to be reused, recycled, or transfromed into raw materials for manufacturing, building materials, and landfilling while complying with environmental standards. Initial programs and support have been introduced to encourage investors and construction contractors to encourage the utilization of coal combustion ash and slag in construction applications. However, the widespread adoption of ash and slag utilization remains limited due to various challenges including technical, economic, and institutional challenges . This study examines the elements that affect the decision-making processes of construction contractors in Vietnam regarding the use of coal combustion ash and slag as construction materials. Based on prior studies, 18 influencing factors were identified and categorized into five groups. Data were collected from 42 construction contractors. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method was employed to assess the relative importance of these factors in influencing contractors’ decisions. The findings reveal that the most influential factors include: government support programs and policies; unit prices and technical-economic norms of ash and slag; physical properties of ash and slag; financial advantages of utilizing ash and slag as building materials in construction; environmental assurance; and technological innovation.
Evaluation and Selection of Tower Crane Stabilization Control Systems Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach
This study applies the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) decision-making method to evaluate and select appropriate stabilization control systems (SCS) for retrofitting the KБ-235 tower crane. Recognizing the widespread use and inherent instability of legacy crane models under dynamic wind and load conditions, two SCS alternatives are compared: a Passive Stabilization Control System (PSCS) and an Active Stabilization Control System (ASCS). The evaluation incorporates both technical and operational factors, including responsiveness to load swing, wind resistance, installation complexity, maintenance, and system precision. Attributes of each alternative are assessed using expert-validated criteria, followed by the quantification of each system’s advantages (IoA). Cost versus IoA analysis reveals that although the ASCS demands higher investment, it delivers superior stability performance and safety outcomes, with an IoA approximately five times that of the PSCS. The method was validated using assumed values from industry literature and expert input. These findings support the integration of structured decision-making frameworks in construction engineering and provide practical insights for upgrading legacy lifting equipment in resource-constrained environments.
Sustainable Development Of Irrigation Infrastructure in Vietnam: A Theoretical Framework
Investing in the sustainable development of irrigation infrastructure is the best way to address the issue of climate change, which is still uncertain in Vietnam. A convenient sampling was conducted to gather relevant literature for analysis. 150 publications including journal articles, books, book chapters, conference papers and technical reports have been collected and analysed in this research study. The keywords found were visualised with VoSViewer. By integrating the keywords' shared interests, the publications can be arranged to three clusters based on keyword frequency: (1) sustainable development and investment; (2) irrigation infrastructure investment; and (3) irrigation infrastructure investment efficiency. The study confirms the need to examine the investment efficiency of these projects by providing a summary of previous research on the sustainable development of irrigation infrastructure. Subsequently, a theoretical framework is constructed on the efficacy of sustainable irrigation infrastructure development, which is influenced by nine key factors: (1) Natural conditions; (2) Institutions and policies; (3) Politics, socio-culture; (4) Economy; (5) Science and technology; (6) Human; (7) Management; (8) Project finance; (9) Operation. A future research on the sustainable development of irrigation infrastructure can focus on one or a combination of the factors. A holistic research study may need to address all of the factors.
Managing Urban Drainage Systems with Digital Twins: Global Insights and Applications in Vietnam
This study explores the transformative role of digital twin (DT) technologies in enhancing urban drainage system (UDS) management, with a dual focus on global applications and the evolving Vietnamese context. Drawing on six international case studies—Barcelona, Graz, Houston, Odense, Xi’an, and Austin—the research synthesizes best practices in real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and integrated infrastructure management. These benchmarks are then used to evaluate five Vietnamese cities—Hanoi, Da Nang, Hue, Son La, and Cao Bang—representing a cross-section of urban scales, geographic diversity, and digital maturity. Through a mixed-methods approach combining literature review, maturity modeling, and qualitative benchmarking, the study identifies current capabilities, challenges, and opportunities for each locality. Findings highlight the varied levels of digital readiness and underscore the need for tailored strategies addressing infrastructure gaps, data integration, and human resource capacity. The study concludes with city-specific recommendations and a proposed roadmap for advancing DT-enabled UDS management in Vietnam. These insights offer implications for public policy, smart city development, environmental resilience, and educational innovation in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change adaptation.
Infrastructure Engineering and Urban Environment
A New Approach for The Automation of Spatial Data Updates Using ArcGIS ModelBuilder for Provincial Planning in The Region of Nghe An, Vietnam
Timely updating of administrative boundaries in national spatial databases is a critical component of modern territorial management, especially in the context of administrative restructuring in many countries. Traditional updating methods in ArcGIS remain largely manual, involving multiple discrete steps that are time-consuming and error-prone. This study proposes a semi-automated spatial data updating model using ModelBuilder within the ArcGIS environment to streamline the process into a single workflow. A case study was conducted in Nghe An province, Vietnam, which is undergoing commune-level administrative mergers. The proposed model reduced processing time by 70% while maintaining spatial accuracy in compliance with the VN-2000 coordinate system and current technical standards. The study has processed a large amount of spatial data that was collected from 2010 to 2024 in Nghe An province, Vietnam. The model was further piloted in three additional provinces and a regional planning project involving 14 northern midland and mountainous provinces, demonstrating its scalability and potential for integration into national and subnational planning databases. This approach provides a replicable solution for other countries facing similar administrative restructuring, supporting efficient and accurate spatial data management. The model also directly supports the integrated provincial planning process for the 2021–2030 period and beyond.
A Quantitative Approach to Selecting SUDS for Flood Resilience in Can Tho City, Mekong Delta
This study develops a quantitative framework for selecting Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) to enhance flood resilience in an area formerly under Soc Trang City, now administratively designated as Phu Loi Ward, Soc Trang urban area of Can Tho City, Mekong Delta, a region vulnerable to urban inundation due to low elevations (1.5–1.6 m) and inadequate drainage infrastructure. This is the first framework of its kind applied in Can Tho or in secondary Mekong Delta cities, offering a novel, context-specific approach to flood-risk management. The framework integrates geospatial analysis using QGIS, runoff estimation via the SCS-CN method, and a multi-criteria SUDS Selection Score (SSS) evaluating flood mitigation performance, cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and co-benefits as urban cooling, cultural value. Applied to the Phan Boi Chau Street pilot, the framework assessed SUDS measures, including bio-swales, permeable pavements, and storage tanks. Results demonstrate significant runoff reduction and improved urban aesthetics, validated through stakeholder engagement with Khmer communities through site surveys. The framework’s replicability offers a scalable model for flood-prone cities in the Mekong Delta and beyond, supporting evidence-based, community-sensitive flood management planning.
An Evaluation of Vietnam’s Construction Investment Regulatory System Concerning Net-Zero Transition
Vietnam has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, a target that necessitates transformative changes across all economic sectors, with the construction industry playing a pivotal role due to its significant carbon footprint. This study systematically evaluates Vietnam's current construction investment regulatory system to assess its readiness and effectiveness in promoting the national net-zero transition. Utilizing desk research and content analysis of relevant laws, decrees, circulars, and technical standards, the research applies the CETEx and OECD frameworks to identify regulatory strengths, weaknesses, and gaps. Findings reveal that while Vietnam has established a foundational legal framework and strategic policies (e.g., Decree 06/2022/ND-CP, Lotus Green Building Certification) for climate action, explicit and binding regulations for net-zero considerations, such as mandatory embodied carbon limits or project-level carbon budgets, are largely absent in investment and permitting processes. Enforcement remains fragmented, particularly at the subnational level, due to capacity deficits. A critical disconnect exists between regulatory mandates and financial incentives, with a notable absence of dedicated green finance instruments (e.g., green bonds, targeted subsidies) and integrated project pipelines to de-risk and scale low-carbon construction. Furthermore, stakeholder engagement lacks formalized, cross-sectoral coordination, and regulatory impact assessments do not consistently integrate climate-focused metrics. The study concludes that despite strong strategic alignment with net-zero ambitions, Vietnam's construction investment regulatory system faces significant operational hurdles. Recommendations include institutionalizing low-carbon mandates in investment approvals, establishing incentive-based green finance mechanisms, building local implementation capacity, creating an integrated green construction project pipeline and data platform, and strengthening adaptive governance with climate-sensitive regulatory impact assessments. These insights offer a roadmap for policymakers to transform Vietnam's construction sector into a proactive driver of its net-zero future.
Strategic Planning Behaviors and Their Effects on Public Construction Management Performance
Effective planning behaviors are critical to the success of public construction investment, particularly within institutional environments marked by regulatory complexity and fiscal constraints, yet prior research has largely overlooked the specific functional behaviors involved in planning processes for public sector infrastructure development. This study conceptualizes planning behaviors as a multidimensional construct and empirically examines their impact on management performance, identifying eight behavioral dimensions—ranging from guideline dissemination to capital allocation and project selection—through a survey of 136 experienced public sector professionals analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that Capital Allocation Planning (PL5) and Project Selection (PL6) significantly and positively influence management performance, while Capacity of Investment Balance (PL7) has a significant but negative effect; other behaviors, such as Planning Guidelines (PL1), Plan Consistency (PL4), and Execution Descriptions (PL8), lack direct effects but play crucial mediating roles through PL5 and PL6. These results highlight the differentiated impact of planning actions, emphasizing the need for a multi-level behavioral framework to enhance planning effectiveness, improve managerial practices, reform policies, and advance theoretical understanding of infrastructure governance in public investment.
Determinants of Social Housing Supply: An Empirical Assessment in the Context of Vietnam
The development of social housing to meet the residential needs of the population has consistently remained a strategic priority of the Vietnamese Government. As urbanization accelerates—evidenced by an urbanization rate of 44.3% reported by the Ministry of Construction—the demand for housing has increased substantially. Nevertheless, the expansion of the social housing supply has not kept pace, progressing at a notably sluggish rate. A critical issue emerges: although the Government of Vietnam has enacted a range of mechanisms and policies to support social housing development—including capital allocation and various investment incentives—the supply remains insufficient. Despite evident interest and willingness among investors to engage in this sector, the actual supply currently satisfies only approximately 20% of the prevailing demand. This study seeks to identify, analyze, and evaluate the principal factors constraining the supply of social housing in Vietnam. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach—including expert interviews, a survey of 120 respondents, and exploratory factor analysis—the study investigates 14 causal factors, including two newly proposed ones related to the capacity of construction enterprises. Among these, six factors were found to exert particularly strong influence. Based on these findings, the paper offers targeted policy recommendations to address legal, financial, and institutional barriers and to enhance the viability of the social housing market in Vietnam.
Association Between Green Rural Road Elements and Socioeconomic Development Indicators in Rural Areas
Sustainable development is defined as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations. In Malaysia, particularly in rural areas, the networks comprise the largest proportion of roads in the country, making efficient road development critical for economic progress. However, such development has significantly impacted the environment, contributing to substantial ecological disruption and affecting the quality of life in local communities throughout the road lifecycle. Therefore, the adoption of sustainable approach by implementing green elements in the development and operation of rural road infrastructure is the ideal way forward to concurrently meet economic, social and environmental needs. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify the green rural road elements that should be considered in the development of rural roads. It also investigates which green elements can potentially contribute to socioeconomic development in rural areas. A quantitative method was employed, using a questionnaire survey as the research instrument to determine the significant green rural road elements. Data collection was conducted using the census method, resulting in the return of 63 completed questionnaires. The data were analyses using Goodman Kruskal’s Gamma. The analysis revealed that seventeen (17) green rural road elements were statistically significant and showed a strong positive association with at least one of the socioeconomic development indicators studied. These proposed elements are expected to enhance stakeholder understanding and offer practical guidance for improving the sustainability of rural road infrastructure projects. Ultimately, this contributes not only to environmental conservation but also to the advancement of social and economic well-being in rural communities.
Civil Engineering - Sustainable Road Infrastructure
Green Building practices for sustainable construction
A BIM-IPD Integrated Framework For Reducing Disputes In Construction Projects In Egypt
Disputes remain a persistent challenge in Egyptian construction projects, due to traditional procurement approaches that hinder effective communication, coordination, and collaboration. As Egypt continues investing in mega construction projects, these issues are exacerbated despite the adoption of various management strategies. This study explores how incorporating Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) can enhance collaboration, transparency, and project coordination to mitigate disputes. A mixed-methods research approach incorporating literature review, case studies, and survey of large contractors in Egypt was employed to assess dispute causes, their impacts, and the role of IPD and BIM in reducing disputes. Findings indicate that time extensions and work delays are the primary dispute triggers, leading to project delays and cost overruns. Although BIM awareness is high (85%), only 48% of respondents are familiar with IPD, yet 94% recognize BIM’s role in supporting IPD, and 95% emphasize the need for an integrated framework. Case studies demonstrated that IPD significantly improves project performance and reduces disputes compared to traditional procurement methods, though design-bid-build remains the dominant contract type. The study also identifies significant organizational and legal challenges in implementing IPD and BIM, with a strong correlation between the two, while technological and legal challenges show a weaker connection. In response, a novel framework was developed to integrate BIM and IPD, addressing dispute causes and implementation barriers. This framework provides a structured approach outlining essential activities, tools, techniques, involved personnel, required resources, and implementation strategies, presenting an original synthesis that received limited attention in construction literature.
Disputes, Building Procurement, Integrated Project Delivery, Building Information Modelling, Construction Projects, Egypt.
Sustainable Renovation of Traditional Housing Architecture of the Thai Ethnic Group in the Northwestern Region of Vietnam
The traditional housing of the Thai ethnic group in the Northwestern region of Vietnam not only serves as a living space but also embodies distinctive cultural, historical, and ecological values. However, due to the impact of socio-economic transformation and modernization, this architectural type is at risk of disappearing. This study aims to assess the current state, community awareness, and directions for renovating traditional Thai housing in a sustainable manner. Through field surveys, in-depth interviews, and the development of three pilot renovation plans in the Vang Pheo village, the study proposes a community-based sustainable renovation approach that preserves the core values of traditional architecture while improving living conditions. The results contribute to the academic discourse on sustainable heritage regeneration, as well as providing practical suggestions for local policies and architectural practices.
Clash Characterization and Matrix Analysis Between Building Systems in BIM-Based Construction Projects
Clashes in construction projects are among the key factors that reduce the efficiency of project delivery. In traditional 2D-based design, these clashes are difficult to detect because architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) systems are not integrated within a unified platform. In contrast, Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables effective clash detection through specialized tools such as Revit and Navisworks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of clash detection by comparing the BIM process with conventional 2D drawings and identifies the main factors contributing to clashes in AEC models. Furthermore, it examines the interrelationships of clashes among different models within the BIM environment and develops a clash analysis diagram to facilitate their identification. Finally, the study proposes several solutions aimed at minimizing clashes during the design phase of construction projects when applying BIM.
Civil Engineering and Construction Management
Architecture of Coastal Rural Houses in Thai Binh Province, Vietnam for Adaptation to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise
In Thai Binh province, Vietnam, according to the RC4.5 climate change scenario by the end of the 21st century, sea levels are projected to rise by a maximum of 100 cm. This will result in the flooding of 22,313 hectares (66.13%) of Tien Hai District, 21,750 hectares (64.39%) of Kien Xuong District, and 26,756 hectares (47.94%) of Thai Thuy District. Such a rise in sea levels will significantly impact residential areas, housing, and agricultural production in the coastal villages of Thai Binh Province. The article's aim is to propose architectural models for rural housing in these coastal hazard areas, allowing communities to adapt to climate change and sea-level rise. The goal is to help coastal residents continue living with inundation while ensuring a good quality of life and sustainable working conditions. The study uses field survey methods, document collection, data analysis, evaluation and computer simulation based on actual sea level rise to propose housing solutions. The article contributes proposes housing and shelter models for communities affected by rising sea levels, including houses with horizontally integrated shelter spaces in estuary areas, as well as houses with raised platforms and those integrating vertical shelter spaces in alluvial land areas.
Bridging The Gap in Digital Twin Frameworks: A Comparative Analysis on Building Energy Consumption in The Malaysian Context
Buildings contribute to a substantial portion of global energy consumption, necessitating innovative technologies to enhance energy efficiency. Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Digital Twin (DT) technologies offer promising solutions, with BIM supporting energy-efficient designs and DT enabling real-time energy optimisation. However, DT adoption in Malaysia is limited, particularly in building energy management, due to the absence of tailored frameworks addressing local challenges such as infrastructure readiness, technical expertise, and policy support. Hence, this paper systematically reviews and compares ten existing DT frameworks, focusing on their applicability to building energy management and construction practices. Frameworks were selected based on their emphasis on energy optimisation, integration DT and its relevance to building operations. Content analysis was employed using Atlas.ti to categorise recurring themes, gaps, and limitations across these frameworks. The analysis reveals that existing frameworks often assume a high level of technological maturity and infrastructure readiness, making them less applicable to Malaysia’s developing context. This study highlights these gaps and proposes strategies, including targeted investments, capacity-building, and policy development, to support DT implementation tailored to Malaysia’s needs, advancing energy efficiency in its building sector.
Enhancing Concrete Performance with Fly Ash and Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Comprehensive Study
The production of concrete is heavily dependent on cement, which plays a major role in environmental challenges like high carbon emissions. This research examines how incorporating fly ash (FA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) affects the characteristics of concrete. FA partially replaced cement at 0-50%, while CNC was added at 0-1% by cement mass. The optimal mix (FA20CNC0.2) with 20% FA and 0.2% CNC showed significant improvements in mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete: 36.54% higher compressive strength, 19.94% higher split tensile strength, 18.22% higher flexural strength, and 21.21% higher shear strength. Regression models with high accuracy (R² > 0.95) were developed to predict secondary mechanical properties from compressive strength, streamlining the mix design process. SEM analysis revealed a denser microstructure with fewer microcracks in FA20CNC0.2. EDS indicated higher amounts of strength-enhancing components like CaCO3 and SiO2. The synergistic effect of FA and CNC improved hydration, pore-filling, and C-S-H bond formation. This approach reduces cement use while enhancing performance, offering an eco-friendly solution for sustainable high-performance concrete production.
Sustainable concrete, Fly ash, Cellulose nanocrystal, Mechanical properties, Microstructural analysis, Regression analysis.
Civil Engineering - Material Engineering
Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Predicting Structural Subsidence Based on Leveling Data: A Case Study in Vietnam
Monitoring and predicting structural subsidence is crucial for construction project safety and efficiency, particularly in regions like Vietnam where leveling-based monitoring is standard. This study evaluates four machine learning methods, Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) for predicting subsidence using leveling data from a high-rise building in Hanoi. The dataset comprised 11 measurement cycles from three monitoring points between July 2020 and September 2022. Performance metrics revealed RF as the most effective model, consistently yielding superior predictive accuracy. LR also demonstrated steady, practical performance. Conversely, GB and SVM performed poorly, likely constrained by the limited dataset size. Notably, RF showcased the potential to surpass traditional predictive approaches, offering a robust solution even with sparse data, while LR remains a viable option for resource-constrained scenarios. This research introduces a modern ML-based approach to subsidence prediction relevant to the Vietnamese context, highlighting the importance of dataset characteristics and underscoring the need for larger datasets and the inclusion of more influencing factors in future investigations to further refine predictive capabilities.
Innovative Approaches to Water Quality Assessment: Integrating Physicochemical and Biological Indicators in Forest Eco-Park Upstream Rivers
Measuring the Water Quality Index (WQI) is essential for evaluating water conditions, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. However, assessing physicochemical indicators alone may not provide sufficient information about the overall health of river ecosystems. This study integrates macroinvertebrates as biological indicators to complement traditional WQI assessments, offering a more holistic and ecologically meaningful understanding of water quality. The research was conducted at upstream rivers in four forest eco-parks: Forest Eco-Park Soga Perdana Hill (FESP), Forest Eco-Park Mount Lambak (FEML), Forest Eco-Park Mount Pulai II (FEMP), and Forest Eco-Park Bantang River (FEBR), Johor, Malaysia. Conventional WQI parameters—including Ammonia Nitrogen (AN), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and pH—were compared with macroinvertebrate-based bioassessment using the Biological Monitoring Working Party–Average Score Per Taxon (BMWP-ASPT) index. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel showed a strong inverse correlation between BMWP-ASPT and WQI (R² = 0.9385; Pearson r = -0.93974). While WQI classified FEBR as slightly polluted (WQI = 73.77, Class III), BMWP-ASPT indicated cleaner conditions (8.04), suggesting that macroinvertebrate-based methods may reveal different ecological insights, particularly in areas with subtle anthropogenic pressures. These findings have practical implications for sustainable water management, especially in recreational eco-parks and data-limited settings, where the integration of biological and physicochemical indicators can support more comprehensive and adaptive monitoring practices.
An Artificial Neural Network-Based Approach to Predict Compressive Strength in Rubberized Concrete Using Experimental Datasets
The incorporation of recycled rubber as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing sustainability in construction. By diverting rubber waste from landfills and reusing it in construction materials, the preservation of ecosystems is promoted, and the demand for extracting and processing natural resources is reduced. However, accurately predicting the compressive strength of such rubberized concrete presents a significant challenge due to the complex relationship between different factors involved. Lately, artificial neural networks (ANNs), a type of artificial intelligence technique, have gained significant popularity for their effectiveness in predicting complex problems. ANNs have been commonly employed in recent years owing to their exceptional ability to recognizing patterns, adaptability, and learning capability. This paper proposes a novel approach to address this issue by utilizing the power of ANNs for compressive strength of rubberized concrete prediction. A thorough dataset from the laboratory is employed to train, test, and validate ANNs. By engaging in a process of training, the ANNs effectively capture the complex interrelationships within the data. This enables ANNs to make accurate predictions of the compressive strength of rubberized concrete. The proposed approach offers flexibility to accommodate different rubber substitution levels and provides a reliable tool for optimizing the mix design parameters to achieve desired strength requirements. The results demonstrate the efficiency of ANNs in precisely predicting the compressive strength of concrete with waste rubber, facilitating sustainable and efficient construction practices. In summary, this research contributes to the utilization of recycled rubber in concrete production and provides valuable insights for predicting the compressive strength of rubberized concrete.
Critical Factors Affecting Cost and Time Overrun of Construction Projects in Pakistan
Construction industry plays a vital role in Pakistan’s economic development. However, the success of construction projects is significantly influenced by well-structured plans and timelines. This study aims to explore the critical factors affecting the cost and duration of construction projects in Pakistan. To identify these factors, an in-depth literature review was conducted, followed by the Delphi technique, where a series of questionnaires were distributed to industry experts. Multiple rounds of surveys were carried out with professionals, including consultants, contractors, and clients. The collected responses were analysed and ranked using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method. The findings revealed several key contributors to time overruns, such as material selection, changes in material types and specifications during construction, poor equipment maintenance, shortages of construction materials, financial disputes between owners and contractors, and labour shortages. Similarly, major causes of cost overruns were identified, including inflation and rising material prices, inappropriate construction methods, project modifications by owners, frequent equipment breakdowns, and rework due to construction errors. Understanding these factors is crucial for improving project planning and execution, ultimately enhancing the efficiency of Pakistan’s construction industry.
Assessment of Water Quality in Kemajuan Lake: A Comparative Study with National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards (NLWQS)
Water is vital for life and supports the agriculture, industry, and recreation sectors. Lentic systems, including lakes, are integral to global hydrological cycles but are sensitive to changes in land use and human activities. The National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards (NLWQS) provide a framework for assessing and managing lake water quality to address pollution and maintain Malaysia’s ecological balance. This study evaluated the water quality of Kemajuan Lake, UTHM, a Category A lake used for recreation and flood mitigation, based on the NLWQS. The water quality assessment of Kemajuan Lake was carried out weekly over a 10-month period (40 weeks). In-situ measurements recorded the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), DO saturation, and temperature, while water transparency was assessed using a Secchi disc. Laboratory analysis included biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), nitrate (NO₃⁻), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Hg). Analysis based on the NLWQS (Category A) revealed that parameters such as pH (6.80±0.83), temperature (27.94±2.03ºC), turbidity (20.70±3.19 NTU), TSS (15.45±4.43 mg/L), water transparency (1.28±0.12 m), nitrate (0.36±0.15 mg/L), and selected heavy metals which were As (0.003±0.001 mg/L), Cd (0.00003±0.00001 mg/L), Pb (0.0005±0.0004 mg/L), Ni (0.0001±0.000 mg/L), and Hg (0.0001±0.0001 mg/L) complied with safety standards for body contact. However, DO (4.12±0.54 mg/L), DO % saturation (57.23±5.51%), COD (19.88±5.72 mg/L), BOD₅ (9.43±2.67 mg/L), Chl-a (26.30±12.31 µg/L), TP (0.55±0.36 mg/L), and AN (0.55±0.15 mg/L) exceeded permissible limit, rendering Kemajuan Lake unsuitable for recreational activities due to non-compliance with water quality parameters.
National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standard