Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications
The Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications (JAMEA) is a peer review journal that publishes twice a year, June and December. JAMEA welcomes article submission from the local and international researchers and practitioners in various fields of mechanical engineering and system applications. From time to time, JAMEA will publish review articles and bring out special issues on a specific sub-field of mechanical engineering. Authors are encouraged to contact the Editors if they would like to submit a review article or bring out a special issue of the Journal.
Performance Investigation of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm for Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP)
Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP) allows a job to be processed on any machine of a set of alternative machines. Therefore, it acts as an extension of the classical Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (JSP). The complexity is portrayed by dealing with both routing and scheduling sub-problems. Major weakness of classical Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is shown by trapping in local optimum easily during dealing with complicated multimodal problems such as FJSP despite the proof of ABC’s capability to solve FJSP [1], [2]. Therefore, this study aims to study the nature of ABC algorithm. At the same time, the best parameter setting is investigated by using factorial experiment. Brandimarte benchmark (MK01 – MK10) was adopted in the study for the best makespan. The results indicate that a limit value of 5 provides the lowest average makespan for 70% of the benchmark instances. Additionally, selecting MCN = 1000 reduces computational time by approximately 50% while maintaining comparable solution quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Oil Absorption Analysis of Vegetable Oil onto Kapok Fiber Using pH and Temperature
Oil spills pose serious environmental and economic threats, driving the search for sustainable sorbent materials. This study examines the effect of pH and temperature on the oil absorption performance of treated kapok fiber, a natural and hydrophobic material with a hollow tubular structure. Kapok fibers were treated and tested under varying pH (3, 7, and 11) and temperature (40 °C and 70 °C) conditions using coconut and canola oils. Characterization through SEM, FTIR, and contact angle analysis revealed that alkaline treatment effectively removed surface waxes, improving oil affinity while maintaining structural integrity. The highest oil uptake occurred under alkaline conditions (pH 11) and elevated temperature, indicating enhanced sorption efficiency. These results demonstrate the potential of chemically treated kapok fiber as an eco-friendly sorbent for oil spill remediation applications.
A Pilot Study of Lumped Parameter Model on Middle Cerebral Artery for Hemodynamic Parameters Assessment
The middle cerebral artery (MCA), especially the M1 and M2 segments, is critical in cerebrovascular health. Conventional imaging techniques for assessing atherosclerosis have limitations in accurately estimating boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. This initial study addresses these limitations by employing lumped parameter models (LPMs) to derive more precise boundary conditions for CFD simulations of blood flow in the MCA. The goal is to improve the accuracy of CFD models by integrating dynamic parameters such as resistance and compliance, which are essential for understanding localized hemodynamic changes due to atherosclerosis. Early stage highlighted the simulation of cerebral blood flow with LPMs, analyzing hemodynamic factors such as wall shear stress (WSS), pressure distribution, and flow rate, and visualizing these effects in the MCA. Using CFD and LPMs, this study offers the preparation of parameters setup for analyzing deeper mechanism of atherosclerosis alteration in cerebral circulation, potentially enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies for stroke prevention.
Simulations Study of Blast Wall Effectiveness: Comparing Concrete and Polymer Composites in Pressure Wave Mitigation
Walls play a crucial role in protecting structures and people from explosion hazards, especially in industrial and military environments. This study examines the blast resistance performance of T-shaped wall constructed from concrete composite (CONC-35MPa) and polymer matrix composite (PMC, EPOXY RES) materials using ANSYS Explicit Dynamics simulations. The concrete wall showed a maximum deformation of 0.97m about half that of the epoxy composite’s 1.92m, and experienced peak shear stresses up to 1.2GPa at critical joints. Directional velocity reached 3651 m/s for concrete versus 6139m/s for the polymer composite, demonstrating concrete’s superior stiffness and energy absorption. These results confirm that concrete provides better resistance to blast induced deformation and stress. Comparing to most studies that look at fiber-reinforced concrete or polymer composites separately, this work combines material behavior and structural geometry in a single explicit dynamics simulation. It offers practical improvements like reinforcement methods and shape changes for T-shaped walls, backed by clear blast response data. The study also suggests future research on adding sensors for real time blast monitoring, a topic rarely covered before. Overall, it links material mechanics with engineering design to help create safer, stronger protective structures using validated simulations for real blast conditions.
IoT Based Health Monitoring System for Obese Children
Childhood obesity continues to be a serious global health issue with far-reaching effects on people's lives and societies. The development, deployment, and evaluation of OBISENSE, an innovative solution created to address the challenges associated with handling children obesity, are presented in this research. OBISENSE is an IoT-based health monitoring system. The system's architecture combines health science and IoT technology to deliver precise and immediate measures of height, weight, and heart rate. The OBISENSE system uses these parameters to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) and assess obesity status, making it an essential tool for evaluating and controlling childhood obesity. The OBISENSE system provides a simple-to-use mobile application that encourages users to take an active role in their journey towards better health. Individuals may easily track their health measurements with the app, access previous data, and get personalised suggestions for leading a healthy lifestyle. A better user experience is ensured by the system's design, which places an emphasis on usability, accessibility, and compatibility with current technological platforms. The OBISENSE system was put through extensive testing to confirm its functionality. In this project, through a variety of scenarios, including height, weight, and heart rate measurements with subsequent BMI estimations, the system's accuracy and dependability is assessed. The findings show that the OBISENSE system reliably delivers accurate and trustworthy health data, enabling efficient monitoring of paediatric obesity. The OBISENSE system is aware of its limitations, including changes in sensor accuracy and potential ambient influences on measurements.
Child obesity, global health issue, OBISENSE, mobile application, Internet of Thing
Optimisation of NaOH Concentration for Sustainable Soap Production Using Waste Cooking Oil
This study presents a sustainable approach for synthesizing soap bars from WCO. The process involves collecting and filtering WCO, followed by an optimized saponification reaction using alkaline, resulting in soap bars with desirable properties. Comparative analysis reveals that WCO appears darker, with higher free fatty acid content (4.00%) and slightly increased viscosity (79.13 cP) compared to new cooking oil. The study highlights the significant impact of NaOH concentration on soap consistency, where 10% NaOH concentration (sample BS3) has achieved the most stable foam formation. BS3 has no appearance of a gel phase upon cutting and shows 1.78% moisture content. This research emphasizes the utilization of waste cooking oil as a valuable resource for soap production, contributing to waste reduction and supporting sustainable practices within the circular economy framework.
Glycerolysis-Based Reduction of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) for Cost Effective Biodiesel Pre-Treatment
The high content of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) presents a significant challenge for biodiesel production. This study investigates the glycerolysis pretreatment method using crude glycerol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) to reduce FFAs. Experiments were performed at varying molar ratios (1:3 to 1:9) and temperatures (60°C to 80°C). Results showed optimal FFA reduction at a 1:7 molar ratio and 80°C, reducing FFA below 5% within 60 minutes. FTIR analysis confirmed FFA conversion. The reaction followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9832). Viscosity and density of the oil improved to 41.2 mPa·s and 0.886 g/cm³, respectively. These findings demonstrate that glycerolysis is a promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution for pretreating high-FFA feedstock in biodiesel production.
Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Glycerolysis, Crude Palm Oil (CPO),FTIR
Design and Fabrication of Smart Tap for Finger Protection During Hammering
This study presents the design and fabrication of an innovative Smart Tap tool aimed at improving efficiency and precision in construction and woodworking activities. Although various market-ready nail holders are available, many lack ergonomic integration with the user’s grip and provide limited control to prevent nail or screw buckling during installation. The Smart Tap addresses these limitations through a user-friendly, ergonomically designed nail holder created in SolidWorks, which conforms naturally to the hand for improved ease of use and accurate placement. An impact test was conducted to evaluate the durability and performance of the holder under dynamic forces. Among three tested thicknesses, the 6 mm variant demonstrated the highest energy absorption and was selected as the optimal design. The tool was fabricated using advanced three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques, ensuring high dimensional accuracy and efficient translation from digital design to a functional product. The results confirm the Smart Tap’s effectiveness in minimizing nail buckling and enhancing operational precision, offering clear ergonomic and functional advantages over existing designs and demonstrating strong potential for broader application in hammering-related tasks.
Cu and CuO Nanoparticles in Heat Transfer Applications: A Comprehensive Review
This review highlights the role of Copper (Cu) and Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in enhancing heat transfer through mono, binary, and ternary nanofluids. Mono nanofluids consistently improved thermal conductivity, viscosity, pressure drop, and heat transfer coefficient, with higher gains at higher concentrations. Binary systems showed synergistic effects, with CuO–MWCNT yielding maximum conductivity, CuO–TiO₂ showing Newtonian behavior, and Cu with Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ achieving peak conductivity at a 40:40:20 ratio. Ternary mixtures of Cu, CuO, and Al₂O₃ offered further conductivity enhancement but with larger pressure drops, notably at 60:20:20. Overall, nanoparticle selection, base fluid, and mixing proportion are key to balancing thermal performance with hydrodynamic penalties.
Mono/Binary/Ternary Nanofluids, Cu, CuO, Thermal Conductivity
Investigation of the Effect of Layer Thickness and Raster Angle Orientation on the Bending Properties of Additive Manufactured Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polymer
Today's mechanical engineering applications of 3D printing are highly beneficial for the study and creation of a wide range of components, from simple everyday structures to intricate ones. In fused deposition modeling, a component is usually created by applying the concepts of layer-by-layer material deposition and rapid prototyping. The effect of layer thickness and raster angle orientation on the bending characteristics of PLA beam samples that were 3D printed was examined in this work. A stereolithography (STL) file format, which was produced using modeling software (CAD), is used to transmit data into the machine's software. Three distinct raster angle orientations—0°, 45°, and 90°—as well as layer thicknesses of 0.155 mm, 0.255 mm, and 0.355 mm and 100% infill were used to print the PLA beam samples. The Instron machine was used to perform a 3-point test in order to ascertain the PLA beam samples' bending characteristics. The PLA beam sample's size and geometry were modeled using the ASTM D790-10 standard procedure. The study's findings indicate that the bending characteristics of the PLA beam samples are influenced by the layer thickness and raster angle orientation. In contrast to 45° and 90° raster angle orientation, it was found that 0° had the greatest bending effect. Additionally, in all evaluated PLA beam samples, a layer thickness of 0.355 mm yielded superior results than a layer thickness of 0.155 mm. Therefore, a raster angle of 0° and a layer thickness of 0.355 mm should be utilized when bending stress is taken into account for 3D printing PLA materials.
Analysis of MgFeCu-Layered Double Hydroxides with Different Interlamellar Anions for Efficient Removal of Dye in Wastewater Treatment
Synthetic dyes, widely used in industries like textiles, leather, and paper, pose a significant global concern for water pollution due to their resistance to conventional wastewater treatment, causing toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects, endangering aquatic life and disrupting natural processes like photosynthesis. The study analyzes the adsorption of as-prepared MgFeCu-LDH with varied interlamellar anions (CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻) on dye wastewater, utilizing advanced techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify LDH morphology and crystal structure, elucidating dye removal mechanisms. The methods and materials used in this study include synthesizing MgFeCu-Layered Double Hydroxides with various interlamellar anions using co-precipitation and involved weighing 50 mg of LDH and 30 ml of dye solution, equilibrating samples, and analyzing UV analysis and storage to determine the amount of adsorbed MO in the supernatants, followed by adsorption kinetic studies to evaluate the efficiency and mechanisms of dye removal from wastewater, focusing on pseudo-second-order kinetic models to determine the dominant adsorption processes. MgFeCu-SO₄ LDH removes dyes from wastewater in 150 minutes using a second-order process, providing a quick, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution. The findings provide important insights into the development of novel materials to address the persistent problem of synthetic dye contamination in aquatic systems, highlight the potential of LDH materials for wastewater treatment, as they offer a scalable approach to dye removal via tailored chemical and structural properties.
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (PLANT) WITH HONOURS
CFD Analysis on the Effects of Various Train Lengths on Aerodynamic Loads and Flow Structure for Train Travelling Through Various Crosswind Conditions
To ensure that railroad vehicles operate safely in crosswind conditions, it is essential to take into account the aerodynamic contribution of train length. As a result, this study aims to investigate the effect of different lengths of the Next-Generation High-Speed Trains (NG-HST) model when traveling under various crosswind conditions in terms of aerodynamic loads and flow structure formation with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique known as Reynold-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) combined with the k-epsilon (k−ε) turbulence model. Based on the train model's height and speed, the Reynolds number used is 1.3 x 106. The two aerodynamic performance characteristics, aerodynamic loads and flow structure formation, were analyzed using different train lengths: Case 1 (1 middle coach), Case 2 (3 middle coaches), and Case 3 (5 middle coaches) and varied crosswind yaw angles: 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The findings indicate that as the crosswind yaw angle and train model’s length increase, more flow comes into contact with the train model's surface on the windward side, resulting in a huge area of the high-pressure region and low-pressure region on the windward and leeward sides, respectively. In addition, the side force coefficient increases for the 60° crosswind yaw angle by about 12% for Case 3 (train with 5 middle coaches) compared to Case 1 (1 middle coach). Therefore, it can be concluded that the longer the train, the more pronounced the aerodynamic forces under high crosswind conditions, which may negatively impact stability and operational safety.
Development and Evaluation of RFPs for Bamboo Shoot Products Through Drop Testing
Packaging functionality not only differentiates food products but also conveys brand identity. With increasing demand for shelf-stable and convenient products like bamboo shoot meals, innovative packaging is crucial. However, limited research evaluates the durability of Retortable Flexible Pouches (RFPs) through drop tests. This study assessed RFPs durability using performance drop tests. Consumer preferences were analyzed through a questionnaire, and the packaging design was developed using Adobe Photoshop. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 27, and drop tests were performed according to ASTM standards. A gusset folder box was designed to contain RFPs products, which were Sample A (dry-textured bamboo shoots) and Sample B (wet-textured bamboo shoots). Each sample was cushioned with single-layer bubble wrap, double-layer bubble wrap, or inflatable air bubbles and dropped in six positions: top, bottom, right, left, right, and left corner sides. G values, measuring impact stress, were recorded during the tests. Findings showed 68% of respondents preferred medium-sized packaging (250g–500g), 72% favored freshness designs, 65% prioritized informative labeling, and 58% preferred high-quality imagery. Although medium-sized packaging was preferred, a 100g quantity was developed as suitable, balancing product characteristics, functionality, and effective sterilization. Inflatable air bubbles emerged as the most effective cushioning material, recording the lowest G values (28 G for Sample A and 29.6 G for Sample B). In contrast, the top side recorded the highest G values (364.4 G for Sample A and 358.2 G for Sample B with single-layer bubble wrap). These results highlight inflatable air bubbles’ effectiveness in protecting RFPs of bamboo shoot products.
PLC-Controlled Coordination of Multi-Arm Robotics Without Cooperative Devices for Task Execution
The integration of multiple robotic arms for collaborative tasks often involves complex cooperative motion functions. This study introduces a research framework aimed at orchestrating multi-robotic arms for non-cooperative task execution in a slot-car transfer system, controlled solely by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Unlike traditional approaches reliant on synchronized controllers, this framework excludes cooperative motion functions, focusing on two robot arms with six and four degrees of freedom. The PLC governs and coordinates the sequential movements of both arms, utilizing readily available laboratory and commercial components. To ensure compatibility and synchronization, a rigorous analysis of component specifications was conducted, addressing I/O signal mapping, voltage matching, and mechanical adaptation. A PLC-based control system manages coordination through pre-programmed delays, sensor feedback loops, and independent motion trajectories, ensuring precise and repeatable execution. Custom platform holders were developed to facilitate stable grasping and transfer of the slot car. This study specifically outlines the process of transferring a slot car across two platform tracks using Selective-Compliance Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA) and Articulated Robot Arm. Experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed PLC-controlled coordination method, demonstrating that different robot arms can collaborate efficiently without requiring cooperative motion functions. The findings highlight a scalable and adaptable approach for integrating heterogeneous robotic systems in real-world industrial applications.
Development and Testing of an Autonomous Mobile Robot for Material Handling Using SLAM and Nav2
The adoption of Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) for material handling has grown significantly across manufacturing, healthcare, and the service sector. To stay competitive in the age of automation, businesses are increasingly shifting from manual labor to AMRs to enhance the efficiency and reliability of transportation and material handling tasks. This study outlines the development of an AMR that integrates Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), Navigation2 (Nav2), and Computer Vision (CV) to enhance material handling efficiency. The development process is structured into three distinct phases to ensure clear tracking and milestone management. In the first phase, the mobile robot is designed and developed. The second phase focuses on integrating SLAM and Nav2, enabling precise and efficient navigation within complex, dynamic environments. In the final phase, OpenCV is implemented for ArUco tag detection, enhancing the AMR’s capability to perform material handling operations. This study presents a structured approach to developing Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) equipped with real-time obstacle detection, avoidance, path planning, and material handling capabilities, streamlining deployment in real-world applications.
Autonomous Mobile Robots, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, Navigation2, OpenCV, Computer Vision
Effect of SiO2 Nanoparticle in Low-Temperature Molten Salts as Heat Transfer Fluid for Heat Recovery System
The utilization of low-temperature molten salts as heat transfer fluids in heat recovery systems has gained significant attention due to their advantageous physical and thermal properties. The relatively low thermal conductivity of molten salts limits their overall efficiency in transferring heat. The objective of this research to study the characteristic and thermal properties of quaternary molten with addition of SIO2 nanoparticle. Quaternary molten salt mixture of substance are LiNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO3 with combination of nanoparticle, SiO2 were used. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) testing were conducted. Based on the results and data discussion, the best composition of SiO2 nanoparticles in the quaternary molten salt for heat transfer fluid and heat storage was determined. Sample B exhibited the lowest melting point of 87.3℃, sample B had the highest heat capacity of 1.6 J/K.g, and sample C demonstrated the best thermal stability with the lowest mass change of -0.538917mg. Therefore, it can be concluded that Sample B had the optimal composition of SiO2 in the quaternary molten salt, providing a low melting point and high heat capacity.
Comprehensive Study on Impact of Inserted Nanoparticles with Base Fluid on Heat Transfer Enhancement in Various Configurations
Many industrial and engineering applications have low thermal conductivity that affects heating or cooling processes, so the heat transfer process for these applications will be optimized by using small nanometer-sized particles such as metal, oxide, carbide, etc. dispersed in the basic fluid of the application, these particles are called nanofluids. This paper reviews the varying factors affecting the thermal conductivity of various nanomaterials under different conditions. All the authors focused on the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles to increase the heat transfer process, whereby increasing the percentage of nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity increases, and therefore the performance and efficiency of thermal systems increases. The size, shape, collision, aggregation, porous layer, melting point of nanoparticles, etc. are all parameters that affect the thermal conductivity of the nanomaterial, and their control determines the behavior of its increase or decrease. The use of nanofluid is a new and influential technology to improve heat transfer for the next generation. The results of the study indicated that the nanomaterial has an effect on increasing thermal conductivity by significantly raising the efficiency of thermal conductivity of the liquid and improving thermal convection, where the Brownian motion of nanoparticles contributes to improving thermal convection inside the liquid as well as reducing thermal resistance.
Base Fluid, Heat Transfer, Nanofluid, Thermal Conductivity, Enhancement
Questionnaire Development for TQM Implementation in the Manufacturing Industry
The goal of this article is to create a road map for manufacturing organizations with ISO 9001 certification to follow as they adopt Total Quality Management (TQM) successfully. While ISO 9001-certified organizations are better prepared to adopt TQM, no formal framework has been created to help them do so. Thus, after a review of the literature and expert review meetings, the eight primary critical success factors (CSFs) and twenty-four sub-CSFs of effective TQM implementation were identified for this study. Then, a questionnaire survey was created and sent to participants working at 75 manufacturing organizations in Pakistan in order to uncover the application level variations of these CSFs. Out of the 75 manufacturing enterprises that are members of the Pakistan Quality Association (PQA), 16 were chosen. After receiving forty completed questionnaires, the survey data was subjected to a t-test analysis. The findings showed that the most notable distinctions between these businesses were in the following areas: employee education regarding quality awareness; employee training regarding quality management techniques and resources; quality data pertaining to products supplied by suppliers; and internal customer satisfaction measurement. As a result, a roadmap based on the disclosed disparities was suggested. To implement this roadmap, ISO-certified organizations must first educate staff members about quality awareness, teach them how to use quality management techniques and resources, gather quality data about supplier-provided goods, and gauge internal customer satisfaction before advancing to total quality management (TQM).
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison Between Runge-Kutta Method, Euler Method and Modified Euler Method for Difference Order of Ordinary Differential Equation
Ordinary Differential Equations with Initial Value Problems (IVP) are commonly used in almost every section such as in Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics. The problems regarding Differential Equations have arisen a lot in our field area. This research focuses on finding the best method between the three methods which are Euler Method, Modified Euler Method, and Runge-Kutta Method to solve the Ordinary Differential Equation with IVP problems in a different order by reducing to the system of first-order. In this article, the differential equation with first-order, second-order, and third-order were used to determine the accuracy by the three methods. To determine the optimal method, the errors of all three methods are computed and compared to identify which one yields the least errors. The analysis indicates that the Modified Euler method outperforms both the Euler and Runge-Kutta methods in solving Ordinary Differential Equations with differing orders.
Initial value problems, Differential equations, Runge-kutta Method, Euler Method, Modified Euler Method.
Integration of Theo Jansen Mechanism Quadruped Robot with 5 Degree of Freedom Robotic Arm for Enhanced Motion Control
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of integrating a Theo Jansen mechanism quadruped robot with a 5-degree-of-freedom robotic arm, focusing on static structural and kinematic aspects. Using SolidWorks Simulation software and ABS material, components are analysed under various loads. Results show max stress, max displacement, and max strain values for each component. Gripper shows max stress 15050 kN/m², max displacement 2.755 mm, max strain 0.004 under 10 N load, Base shows max stress 310200 N/m², max displacement 0.02 mm, max strain 0.00009 under 30 N load. Shoulder, elbow, and wrist links also show distinct characteristics. Chassis under 20 N load shows max stress 2617 N/m², max displacement 0.000006 mm, max strain 0.000001. Kinematic analysis includes graph of end effector's Linear Displacement, Linear Velocity, and Linear Acceleration with respect to time under a 100 RPM driving shaft speed.
Characterization of Additive Blended Fuels on Single-Cylinder Motorcycle Engines
Despite their potential, challenges such as corrosion, compatibility issues with older engines, fuel system problems, lower energy content, and increased fuel consumption persist. With the shift toward green technologies and sustainable energy, biofuels like ethanol are seen as promising replacements for depleting hydrocarbons. This study explores the impact of polyisobutylene additives in ethanol-gasoline blends to enhance their use in ICEs. Five test fuels with varying additive concentrations were formulated and designated as E5P100, E5P500, E25P100, E25P500, and E0P100. These fuels were examined for their physicochemical properties. E5P100 had the highest research octane number (RON 96.5), whereas E0P100 had the lowest (RON 95.5). E25P500, with the highest density (0.79342 g/cm³), had the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) value (1.5 kg/kW-hr). The blend with the highest heating value (E0) had 43350 kJ/kg, providing more energy during combustion, which improves engine performance by increasing power output and ensuring smoother operation. Blends E5PIB500 and E25P500 showed the highest engine power (5.8 kW and 5.95 kW, respectively), significantly better than conventional gasoline (E0, 3.65 kW), leading to improvements in brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake torque (BT). Additionally, E5P500, E25P100, and E25P500 reduced and emissions due to their higher ethanol and additive content. Conversely, E5P100 and E0P100, with lower ethanol and additive content, resulted in incomplete combustion, increasing emissions at higher speeds. Overall, additive-blended fuels enhance combustion efficiency, reduce harmful emissions, and optimize engine performance, supporting green technologies and clean energy.
Blended fuels, polyisobutylene, single-cylinder engine, emissions, energy technology
Textile Wastewater Treatment via Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) Incorporated ZnO-Kaolin
Improperly treated or discharged textile wastewater can have negative impacts on the environment, leading to the pollution of water bodies, disruption of ecosystems, and a reduction in biodiversity. This study investigated the effectiveness of MPR, which incorporates ZnO-kaolin, in treating textile wastewater. ZnO-kaolin photocatalyst was successfully produced and comprises selective elements using the precipitation method, and the physico-chemical properties were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray diffractometers (XRD). This study involved parameters such as initial pH (pH 6, 7, 8), ZnO-kaolin dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g/L), and initial concentration (90, 95, and 100%). The study suggests that the initial pH level has a significant impact on the efficiency of ZnO-kaolin in treating wastewater. The optimal pH for the removal of pollutants was determined to be 8 based on the presented data. The best amount of ZnO-Kaolin to use for effectively lowering pollutants in wastewater is 0.1 g/L, as shown by the higher percentages of color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. The results highlight the importance of the photocatalyst dosage in the effectiveness of the treatment process. The study suggests that the initial concentration of ZnO-Kaolin plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process. The results highlight optimal concentrations of 95% for achieving desired reductions in color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. This study presents significant potential for the textile industry to reduce environmental issues and move toward sustainability.
Textile wastewater treatment, membrane, photocatalytic, photocatalyst, ZnO-kaolin
Polluted River Water Treatment Via Pilot-Scale Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) Incorporated Zno-Kaolin Under Different Light Intensity
Polluted river water treatment utilizes a mix of physical, chemical, and biological processes and activities. Conventional systems, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, have several limitations. Hence, the Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) is one of the most promising methods for polluted river water treatment. ZnO-Kaolin nanoparticles served as great photocatalysts for MPR performance. This study focuses on the pilot-scale hybrid MPR treatment of polluted river water under different light intensities (100, 125, and 225 watts) and irradiation times (20, 30, and 40 minutes). The treated water quality analysis is based on the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974). The kinetic rate was also investigated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. It was found that 225 watts and 30 minutes were the optimum values. The pilot scale hybrid MPR proved to fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that the degradation follows a chemisorption mechanism. In conclusion, we believe the hybrid MPR pilot-scale system will enhance efficiency in cleaning dirty river water, all while meeting the standards of the EQA 1974.
Polluted river water, Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR), Light Intensity, Irradiation time
Revolutionizing Confined Space Work Practices in Thriving Oil and Gas Industry of Kertih, Terengganu
The oil and gas industry is inherently known for its riskiness, involving numerous activities and a variety of chemicals naturally present in the plant environment. Simultaneously, it has been observed that certain activities, classified as critical, such as crane lifting, hydrostatics, excavations, hot work, and confined spaces, pose significant risks. Previous studies have shown that between the years 2009 and 2019, there were many reported incidents, with a total of 46 verified cases of deaths occurring in confined spaces in Malaysia. These incidents underscore deficiencies in the current system that need addressing. Therefore, this study aims to collect data on confined space incidents and issues in the oil and gas industry to propose a new intervention plan for employers and workers. The current working practices in confined spaces were analyzed for this purpose. Information and data were gathered through survey questionnaires distributed to workers employed in confined spaces. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS system to conduct reliability tests, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation. The results of the ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no statistically significant difference at the p < .05 level for n = 50 concerning Age Categories, Position Categories, Years of Service, and Education Background in their perceptions of confined space work practices at Gas Processing Kertih (GPK). Additionally, Pearson Correlation analysis revealed a strong statistical correlation (r > .5, n = 50, p < .05) between Incidents at the Workplace and Health or Disease Problems. Based on the findings, suitable intervention plans have been proposed such as transparency on Incident Report by Management, quality training for confined space workers, and implementation of an efficient toolbox meeting to assist management in addressing the challenges associated with confined space working practices at GPK.
Investigating the Key Factors Influencing Falling Object Incidents at Construction Sites in Batu Pahat, Johor
Building construction refers to the methods and businesses associated with assembling and erecting structures, particularly those designed for residential purposes. The need for a controlled environment to mitigate the effects of climate change was initially purely functional. A construction site presents a wide range of ever-evolving threats, with risks that are often unique to the construction business. Therefore, ensuring that workers are well-trained and aware of these risks is essential for safeguarding themselves and their coworkers from potential harm or even fatalities. This research aims to explore the root causes and consequences of falling object incidents on individuals, assets, and reputation within the construction industry. Thoroughly analyzing the root causes and consequences of incidents informs the development of a targeted intervention plan. This plan aims to reduce severity and address specific issues, such as inadequate safety measures or equipment failures, with the overarching goal of significantly decreasing falling object incidents. This study employs a survey questionnaire as its methodological tool. The procedure includes conducting literature reviews and incorporating sample survey questionnaires from previous researchers. The methodology used to analyze the statistical data was SPSS software via Reliability Tests, One-way ANOVA Tests, and Correlation and Interferential Analysis. The results revealed a strong statistical correlation (r > 0.5, n = 50, p < 0.05) between organizational/departmental roles and responsibilities, the behavioral behavior of construction workers, incidents at work, health/disease problems, and the consequences of the incident. Therefore, to mitigate all the potential consequences, some intervention plans are being proposed, such as the implementation of Toolbox Meeting (TBM) and Toolbox Talk (TBT), a Toolbox Training Program, and the monitoring of physiological conditions for construction workers to maintain the well-being of the workforce and ensure a safe working environment.
Construction, falling object incident, root cause, consequences, new intervention
Polluted River Water Treatment Via Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) Incorporated ZnO-Kaolin
Rivers provide essential resources for human use both in agriculture and aquatic ecosystems, which are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The polluted river water was treated using MPR incorporated Zno-Kaolin. The ZnO-Kaolin was synthesized through precipitation method and calcined at 550C. The characterization of the ZnO-kaolin was done using FTIR and XRD. It was found no impurities occurred during the synthesis. The Zno-Kaolin was then incorporated with MPR to investigate the reduction performance under different conditions, i) effect of initial pH, ii) effect of dosing and iii) effect of initial concentration. it was found that the optimal pH for the reduction is at pH 5, and at dosage 0.05 g/L. It was found the 100% concentration gave the highest reduction for all water quality index (salinity,TDS, conductivity). It can be concluded that MPR incorporated Zno-kaolin effectively treat polluted river water.
Membrane, Photocatalytic reactor, ZnO, Kaolin, Polluted river water
Effect of Initial pH for Polluted River Water Treatment Via Pilot Scale Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR)
Conventional technologies as physical, chemical, and biological treatment have low efficiency, tendency towards fouling, and use high energy consumption respectively. Coagulation-flocculation base treatment, nearly 40-60% while the latest technologies as advanced organic process (AOP) with Fenton-reagents nearly to 80-85% in dissolved organic compound (DOC) reduction respectively. It proves that, the emerges technology and new green technology is needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is; (i) to treat polluted river using pilot-scale MPRs with different initial pH of 5, 7 and 9 and adsorption-desorption time contact for 20, 30 and 40 minutes using 0.05 g/L ZnO-Kaolin loading, 225W light intensity, pressured 1 barg and 30 minutes photocatalytic reaction time. (ii) analysing the physico-chemical quality of the water before and after the treatment as turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen () biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH levels using HACH method with 90.89%, 84.93%, 83.19%, 99.38%, 19.47% and 0.63% removal efficiency respectively. (iii) analysis the kinetic reaction between pseudo-first and pseudo-second order model by using turbidity data. In conducting the experiment, the sample of polluted river water was taken at Sungai Sembrong, Batu Pahat. From the result obtained, when pH 5 and time adsorption-desorption time contact for 20 minutes was the optimum condition in degrading and removing the organic matter. Moreover, it obeying pseudo-second order model which relates with chemisorption process between the ZnO-Kaolin and organic compounds. Overall, MPRs claimed as a promising technology that environment-friendly for wastewater treatment applications.
Enhancing Quality Management Systems (ISO 9001) Implementation in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study
The ISO 9001 certification is widely recognized for its ability to bolster a company's commitment to meeting customer needs, thereby ensuring the reliability of high-quality products. ISO 9000 stands out as one of the most successful offshoots of the quality revolution that swept through the 1980s. The quality standards set forth by ISO 9001:2015 are globally renowned, even within the context of Pakistan. Manufacturing industries play a pivotal role in the growth and expansion of Pakistan's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Despite their increasing competitiveness and complexity, the implementation of ISO 9001:2015 within Pakistan's manufacturing sector remains an elusive endeavor. This study aims to identify the underlying factors that hinder the successful adoption of ISO 9001 in Pakistan's manufacturing industry and, subsequently, formulate effective solutions to address these challenges. As a developing country, Pakistan heavily relies on its manufacturing industry to contribute to the nation's overall economic development. However, various issues, particularly the implementation of ISO 9001:2015, pose significant obstacles. This investigation delves into the obstacles related to ISO 9001:2015 implementation within Pakistan's manufacturing sector. A mixed-method approach was employed for data collection, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The insights gathered through this study hold the potential to provide valuable guidance for enhancing the manufacturing industry's adherence to ISO 9001 standards, ultimately promoting economic growth in Pakistan.
ISO 9001, Textile Industry, Quality management system, Manufacturing Industry, PDCA,
Numerical Study of Vortex Effect on Splitter Plate under Turbulence Flow over Circular Cylinder
Vortex shedding is commonly observed in both natural and artificial situations. Two key variables where the blockage ratio and the Reynolds number determining the flow characteristics around a confined bluff body. The goal of the current study was to apply numerical simulation to examine the development of vortices in a continuous turbulence flow at distanced position of single splitter plate. As a starting point, the flow around a fixed circular cylinder and plate is examined at various spaced positions ratios, where *L ratios are defined as the distance between the cylinder's centre and the plate's front edge. In the wake of the cylinder, when *L is raised, positive and negative vortices are generated. The pressure distribution following the vortex shedding core strike is felt at the plate face tip (starting edge). Compared to the other two positions, the CL created by L2 is larger and receiving better cortex hit.
PROF. MADYA Dr. IZZUDDIN BIN ZAMAN @ BUJANG
PROF. MADYA Ir. Ts. Dr. BUKHARI BIN MANSHOOR
Defect Detection of Topside Offshore Platform Structure Using Non-Destructive Testing Methods
Non-destructive testing on offshore rigs involves multiple sections. The topside platform structure, which consists of the main deck, cellar, and sub-cellar deck, is one of the most important sections. The purpose of this research is to use appropriate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to assess the internal and surface defects as well as identify the material properties of the selected structure at the topside platform structure. Various NDT technologies can be utilized to detect faults on the topside of the offshore platform. The NDT techniques used in this study are ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and dye penetrant testing. To describe the material in the samples, a different method known as positive identification material is employed. Four tasks are involved in this process: identifying the material properties of each sample, identifying surface and interior faults, and comparing the two types of defects. The results of the analysis revealed that a 316L stainless steel specimen contained as much as 19.2% chromium, 11.8% nickel, and 3.0% molybdenum. Magnetic particle inspection was recommended for surface and subsurface inspection. In contrast, the ultrasonic testing examination yielded the best outcome for the topside offshore platform's interior problem.