Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology
The Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology (JAPTT) is an Open Access journal publishing rigorous applied research in areas of automotive and transportation. JAPTT is a journal aiming to publish and electronically disseminate high-quality original papers in facilitating the future automotive and transportation industry with sustainable technology and system. JAPTT is an effective platform for facilitating the exchange of information on new concepts, methodology, and recent progress in automotive and transportation research. The JAPTT are welcoming researchers, academicians, and engineers across all community to send the original manuscript(s) with an aim to promote information exchange between academia and industry.
Development of Engine Oil Maintenance and Battery Health Monitoring through Short Messaging Service (SMS)
With proper care and proper maintenance, vehicle can be maintained to work as it supposed to and has longer life cycle. Vehicle maintenance for new vehicle monitored using service booklet while for some of older vehicle, the maintenance totally depends on owner awareness and most cases, they are using service note provided by service centre which are sticked on the windshield. Prior to this situation, the owner may not be notified because sometimes the vehicle may exceed the recommended mileage and date for next service. The aim of the project is to develop the vehicle maintenance monitoring through short messaging system (SMS) using Arduino Uno and GSM SIM900A module. The proposed project helps the vehicle user to monitor on the engine oil mileage and battery voltage on mobile phone. The vehicle owner can check and notified their vehicle next service using phone message. The project is developed using simple programming software and hardware. Arduino Uno as microcontroller to receive data from voltage sensor and send battery voltage through SMS. The push buttons used to represent the input from vehicle owner about the type of oil used during vehicle service to check the vehicle condition. The GSM module act as a message transmitter and receiver for user communication. The task was programmed into Arduino Uno using Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The development of this project helps the user to monitor vehicle condition especially for their maintenance schedule. The maximum percentage error was 3.2725% and lowest percentage error of 1.9787% of vot meter reading is measured. This project can be concluded that the device was successfully being developed and the functionality was observed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CFD Analysis on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Medium Sized-Car Vehicle Moving Under the Influence of Steady Crosswind
Vehicle aerodynamics is a critical issue to investigate, particularly for those concerned with safety criteria. For instance, the issue of crosswind effect on a moving car vehicle is an example of a critical road safety driving situation. In this article, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out using ANSYS Fluent software to investigate the influence of crosswind on a moving car vehicle. The car model used in this study will be a medium-sized vehicle from the C-segment (i.e the sedan car). The manipulating variables in this study will be the yaw angle (i.e the different crosswind conditions) which are 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° and different of inlet velocity 10m/s and 30 m/s. The analysis of the aerodynamic loads (i.e side force, lift force and drag force) and associated flow structures is carried out to measure the aerodynamic behaviors when the car is moving under different crosswind conditions. From the result obtained, it shows that the different yaw angles affect the aerodynamic performance and the stability of the vehicle itself. However, the effect of different vehicle speeds is not many changes in terms of aerodynamic loads. When the yaw angle increased, the side force is also increased and the stability of the car is decreased. Conclusively, the highest side force occurs when the yaw angle is at 90°. In terms of the flow structures, because of the flow separation, the high-pressure region gradually migrated more to the windward area and the low-pressure region shifted to the leeward area and the top of the vehicles as the yaw angle grew.
Effect of Tire Pressure Factor Toward Fuel Consumption of Passenger Vehicle
Total amount of car on street is increasing and it concern the scientist, politician and the public regarding the air pollution is caused. Air pollution due to motorized vehicle can be harmful to the environment and humans. The main objective of the project is to find out how the tire pressure effects the fuel consumption of passenger car. Perodua Myvi was used in this experiment to measure the fuel consumption at various tire pressure which are 170, 210, 250 kPa. This experiment conducted in UTHM Pagoh where the road stretch to 4.7 km but the desired distance is 51.7 km so, the driver has to drive 11 times around UTHM Pagoh road. This experiment conducted at least three times at different tire pressure and after each test drive the fuel consumption was recorded using On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD II) under dry weather.
On the Scaling of Anthropometric Test Device (ATD) Finite Element Models
Crash dummies are the tools used to represent human beings in the assessment of vehicle safety performance. Current crash dummies are produced using US anthropometric data and children of various ages are not represented. This paper presents the application of morphing technique in generating crash dummy models to a given anthropometric data. The method was described using Hybrid III 3YO dummy model as an example. Morphing operation was applied to scale down the anthropometric dimensions of six year old Hybrid III (6YO HIII) dummy finite element (FE) model to that of three year old Hybrid III (3YO HIII). The morphed model was validated by comparing its biomechanical response data against experimental and simulation results from literature in a sled test based on the specification of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS 213). The simulation results were found to be in good correlation with experimental and simulation results of sled test carried out using 3YO HIII dummy both qualitatively and quantitatively in x-head acceleration, x-chest acceleration and resultant upper neck moment and force. The curves of all the quantities show similarities in trends and the peak values were reasonably comparable to those in the literature results. The technique described in this study is therefore useful in developing child dummy for various age groups, percentiles as well as subject specific from existing FE model with short design time and reduced cost. The new dummy model developed could be used to evaluate three year old child injuries in motor vehicle crash simulations.
Investigation of the Hydrogen Gas Production by Using Solar Energy
Hydrogen is an energy source that offers both environmental benefits and reliability, making it a promising solution for promoting sustainable growth in various sectors worldwide. As businesses and societies increasingly seek sustainable alternatives, hydrogen has emerged as a key player in the transition to a low-carbon economy based on renewable energy sources. Consequently, hydrogen production holds immense potential for replacing traditional energy sources such as petroleum, natural gas, and non-renewable energy. Various methods can be employed for hydrogen production, including fossil fuel-based processes, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources. To achieve the goal of zero emissions, the focus has shifted towards utilizing renewable energy, specifically through photovoltaic electrolysis, to generate hydrogen gas. Photovoltaic electrolysis employs solar energy to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. However, the efficiency of this method is currently quite low. Temperature plays a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of water electrolysis, making it an important factor to consider in enhancing hydrogen gas production through photovoltaic electrolysis. Therefore, there is significant value in investigating the impact of temperature on the efficiency of hydrogen gas production in photovoltaic electrolysis. In summary, hydrogen energy production has emerged as a promising solution for sustainable growth, and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic electrolysis hold great potential for achieving zero emissions. Exploring the influence of temperature on the efficiency of hydrogen gas production in photovoltaic electrolysis is of considerable interest, aiming to improve the overall process and enhance the viability of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Car Vehicle Seat Noise Under Different Forces
The noise and rattling have been a problem constantly due to how it disturbs customers' comfort while driving. The objective of this project was to conduct the analysis for seat noise and to analyse the effect of different force and material for car seat. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of different force and material for car seat. Seat model design was generated by using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software which is SolidWorks 2020. Seat model was then analysed using Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) which is ANSYS 2022 R1. This inquiry focuses on the data and graphs collected during the simulation, which was performed using the ANSYS. The data is then uploaded to Microsoft Excel, to be utilised to create graphs illustrating the PSD of displacement and acceleration of the vehicle seat when loads are applied to it. A simulation was run to analyse the noise on car seat. The characteristics of vibration of car seat for different type of material and different force was visualized. The comparison of different type of material and force has been investigated in the present study. Static structural analysis on car seat has been performed on different types of material and force by using ANSYS software to analyse total deformation, stress, and strain.
Factors Affecting on the Brake Response Time of Motorcycle
Vehicle collision accidents happen frequently. A study was conducted, and the findings indicated that warning systems (visual, auditory, or tactile) would reduce the number of collisions and improved brake response times. The purpose of this study is to factors affecting on the brake response time of following vehicle with respect to motorcycle. The survey was made using Google Form and sent to random 54 respondents in UTHM residents. A few factors that brought major influence to Brake Reaction Time such as Age, Gender, Drive Skills, Driving Experience, Road Accident Experient, Mistake while driving and leg riding position were chose as variable for this study. Software called SPSS is used to organize and evaluate the data that have been collected. Results indicate that, for the most of the factors listed, flashing or conventional brake lights appear to improve brake response time. This study significantly expands our understanding of how brake lights affect brake response time. All of the data have been discussed, and the majority of studies have shown that conventional brake lights indeed speed up drivers' responses. According to some statistics, flashing lights marginally slow down respondents' reaction times.
Development of Low Cost Radio-Controlled Cars Dynamometer
A dynamometer, often known as a dyno, is a tool used to concurrently measure the rotational speed (rpm) and torque of a moving motor or engine to determine the power output at any given moment. A dynamometer is utilized as part of a testbed for numerous engine development tasks in addition to measuring the power produced by the engine or motor. This study aims to develop a low cost Radio-controlled (RC) cars dynamometer using the concept of small scale chassis dynamometer with size range from 1/20 (12cm-7cm) to 1/10 (35cm-43cm) which can establish the value of RPM, torque and horsepower. In this study, a dynamometer is developed using aluminum profile with size 20mm x 20mm for the chassis with a N35 magnet with size 10mm x 20mm that attached to the gravity roller 50mm x 200mm. The LM393 Hall effect magnetic sensor that connected to Arduino Uno R3 will detect the rotation of the magnet at the roller to calculate RC car RPM, Torque and Horsepower that will be displayed on the Arduino L2C Serial LCD. The result is verified using tachometer to compare the value of the RPM, Torque and Horsepower which provide the percentage error of 0.107%. This dynamometer has potential for STEM activity in the Design and Technology (RBT) subject for student learning in school.
Optimization of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger as a Waste Recovery System for Efficient Fuel Consumption
The study endeavors to harness waste heat from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine through the utilization of a helical coil heat exchanger (HCHE), with the overarching goal of enhancing engine efficiency. Employing SolidWorks CAD software and SolidWorks Flow Simulation, the HCHE was meticulously modeled and simulated to optimize its design parameters. The HCHE design incorporated a coil length of 30 millimeters, an inside diameter of 4mm, and an outside diameter of 5mm. Through systematic variation of coil pitch at operational speeds of 1500, 2000, and 2500 revolutions per minute, the optimization process aimed to identify the most efficient configuration. Remarkably, the simulation results indicated that a coil pitch of 20mm yielded optimal performance. Notably, the simulation revealed a significant increase in the temperature of diesel fuel, from 15.6°C to 32.5°C, resulting in a corresponding decrease in density from 832 kg/m3 to 820.491 kg/m3. This thermal enhancement led to an average reduction in volume consumption of 10%, consequently translating to a proportional decrease in fuel consumption. Furthermore, the simulation analysis indicated a resulting pressure drop of 5.3075 kPa, well within the acceptable threshold of 20.77 kPa. This underscores the safety and efficacy of the 20mm coil pitch configuration in mitigating pressure drop issues within the fuel line. These findings validated the effectiveness of the helical coil heat exchanger design, closely aligning with expectations. Moreover, the exchanger's performance was linked to diesel fuel temperature dynamics. Further exploration of parameters influencing heat recovery is recommended for future research and technological advancements.
Development Eco Idle Kit System for Motorcycle
Eco idle system is a system to reduce exhaust emission, fuel consumption and number of engines spend during idling on the road by shutting off the engines automatically. The purpose of this project is to develop the simulation of an eco-idle system and install it on a motorcycle which is the system will turn off the motor after several seconds in idling mode. In this project, there are a few parts that have been used to develop this system kit for motorcycles. The circuit and coding of the system were created in Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software. Data acquisition System (DAQ) was developed, which will lead to the analysis of acceleration and deceleration of motorcycles. In this simulation, the main component is Arduino UNO. In this project, the coding has been added 4 seconds for engine to stop according to driver’s behaviour in real road conditions. After simulating the eco idle kit system, this kit needs to install to motorcycle which is YAMAHA LC135 to analyse data acceleration and deceleration of motorcycles during development of eco-idle kit system. The test methodologies and results for development of eco idle kit system which were tested in different checkpoints. Five different checkpoints were selected to conduct tests of eco idle kit system. Parking lot student UTHM Campus Pagoh served as the site of each checkpoint, which was used to evaluate the eco idle kit system. In conclusion, the simulation of the eco idle system has been successfully run by the connection between required part and coding of the program.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology
Remote Vehicle Monitoring System Starting and Tracking Using IoT System
Safety in the vehicle is one of the most important factors in the daily life of every vehicle user. This project is more focused on improving vehicle systems to increase vehicle safety systems. The main objective of this project is to study IoT (Internet of Things) safety systems in automotive applications. Next is to design engine start-stop and tracking for motorcycles. In addition, to analyze battery voltage, GPS location data, and engine start-stop system from the motorcycles with safety features. The vehicle used for this project is a Yamaha 135LC version 2 motorcycle, the Blynk app, and a two NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller with a Wi-Fi module, a relay, and a GPS module. As a result of the start-stop engine, PicoScope was used to analyze the voltage of the battery after the system had fully functioned when the signal was sent to the relay by Blynk apps. The experiment was carried out from five different locations for the engine start-stop system and seven different locations for the GPS, with the engine start-stop system obtaining motor battery voltage readings using PicoScope and the GPS obtaining vehicle coordinate results by reading the latitude and longitude from the smartphone. The GPS data was then compared between the location of the GPS module and the location of the smartphone's GPS to determine the accuracy of the location.
Design of The Mechanism for Auto Release Seat Belt in End-Button Release Buckle
This project revolves around the buckle of a seat belt, mainly push end release button type, where a feature was created to make it into an auto release seat belt through designing the mechanism within the buckle. The aim of the project is to design the mechanism part of a convertible end button release seat belt buckle, to simulate the designed mechanism part of the convertible auto release seat belt for vehicle cars and to analyze the designed mechanism regarding the effectiveness when installed. 3 different models of solenoid-triggered-parts were designed where Model 1 has no support on its side, presence of fillet and smallest surface area for the base. As for Model 2 and 3, there were no fillet used, presence of support of the side and Model 2 has larger surface area for the base, but Model 3 has the largest amongst the three models. The parameter of this project was the material used when running the simulation which is Polyphenylene Ether (PPE). Through the simulation results, a final model was designed consists of features such as, having support on the side, largest surface area for the base and presence of fillet as these features has shown the best results through the simulation. As for the conclusion, the study managed to achieve all of the objectives which are, the auto release mechanism was designed and simulated successfully using SolidWorks, and it was simulated through simulation within the software.
A Numerical Study About the Flow Around Motorbike with Different Types of Fairing When Travel Through Crosswind
Riding a motorbike possess to a dangerous situation because of its stability and balance. Crosswind has a significant impact on riding since, with a strong gust, it can easily drive the motorbike off the road or into another lane or traffic. A numerical study has been conducted to investigate the aerodynamic loads of the drag, side, and lift coefficient and to analyze the flow pattern occurs of the motorbike with different types of fairing when travel under various angle of crosswind that was set ranging 0?, 15?, 30?, 60? to 90?. Two models of Yamaha YZF M1 with different types of fairing were designed using SolidWorks 2020 and then simulated using Ansys CFX with 25m/s as the velocity for main and crosswind inlet. The aerodynamic loads coefficient was calculated for each model and the streamlines flow were analyzed. The aerodynamic loads coefficient was found increases as the yaw angle increases. Half fairing model was found to have higher aerodynamic coefficient compared to fully fairing model since half fairing model was not aerodynamic shape.
Random Vibration and Noise Analysis of Vehicle Seat Using Numerical Method
The development of vehicle seat used is a challenging task for the automotive industry. In this research the safeness of automotive seats by structural analysis and a random vibration analysis were studied. Hence, the main objective of this study is to determine the suitable vehicle seat configuration based on Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance. In order to achieve this objective, CFD software which is ANSYS was used to analyse frequency and deformation using different force distributed and different material on seat vehicle structure which the force applied from 250 N until 1000 N. The material used is aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy and structural steel to analyse the strength of seat structure. At the end of the study, the effect of different types of material vehicle seat structure was studied. The results confirm that by changing the seat structure material, the rattle noise and in general BSR noise can be improved or controlled accordingly. Consequently, for the seat system which has an identifiable structural dynamic, the BSR noise can be managed and controlled in early design phase by using the seat CAE model.
Research on The Ultra-Low Emission Technology in Internal Combustion Engine
Increasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines is a technologically proven and cost effective approach to dramatically improving the fuel economy of the nation’s fleet of vehicles in the near- to midterm, with the corresponding benefits of reducing our dependence on foreign oil and reducing carbon emissions. This review paper discusses on the research of ultra-low emission technology in internal combustion engine. Efficiency can be increased by improving combustion processes, minimizing engine losses such as friction, reducing the energy penalty of the emission control system and using recovered waste energy in propulsion. Compliance with exhaust emission regulations will be mandated and requires after-treatment technologies integrated with the engine combustion approaches. Fuels under consideration include hydrocarbon-based. Because of their relatively low cost, high performance, and ability to utilize renewable fuels, internal combustion engines, including those in hybrid vehicles, will continue to be critical to our transportation infrastructure for decades.
Research On Biodegradable Lubricant in Combustion Engine
Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25°C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes’ interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. The emission performance was run using neem oil blends as samples. The brief discussion is made on emission performance, fuel efficiency, viscosity index and coefficient of friction. Also, deduction was made for the temperature of crank case oil, coolant and the exhaust gas.
Analysis of Auto Release Seatbelt System for Multipurpose Vehicle
An automatic seat belt release system is provided for installation in conjunction with the vehicle's seat belt system. In the event that the vehicle sustains an impact of sufficient magnitude to necessitate the emergency release of the seat belt system, an electrically operated actuator located near the seat belt is actuated to release the seat belt system after 5 seconds time interval. The aim of this study is to design and develop coding language for Auto Release Seatbelt System. The system for Auto Release Seatbelt is installed inside the passenger cabin and the release mechanism fixed at the seatbelt buckle. The system is tested after the installation on a multipurpose vehicle (MPV). The 12V cigarette lighter socket is used to power the system. A crash collision impact sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a developer board, and a solenoid actuator comprise in the designed emergency release system. The crash collision impact sensor identifies when the vehicle collides, and the gyroscope sensor determines the vehicle's orientation after the impact, if the gyroscope detects no change in orientation, it triggers the development board's preset timer. The solenoid is activated to press the custom release mechanism that will remove the seat belt once the specified time period has passed.
Prototype of Automated Vehicle Window Using the Detection of Raindrop Sensor
This project presents prototype of vehicle window using the detection of raindrop sensor in order to reduce heat trapped in the prototype. This project will investigate the effectiveness of heat dissipation at different opening gap of power window. The climate seasons are almost the same throughout all year. Temperature are uniformly high throughout the year, it can range up to 33? and drop as low as 23?. Meanwhile, the mean annual rainfall of Malaysia is approximately 2540mm. Since high number of houses in Malaysia does not have garage to park their vehicle inside, the temperature of the car cabin can reach a high temperature when the weather is hot. The rise in temperature in the vehicle cabin is caused by the ultraviolet ray from the sun that passes through the window and windscreen of the vehicle. The amount of ultraviolet ray passing through can be reduced by tinting the window but it is not effective. The propose mechanism for the prototype of vehicle window to reduce the interior cabin temperature. Finally, evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype vehicle window mechanism in reducing the interior cabin temperature. Studies will be conducted to investigate the factors of increasing temperature inside the car cabin. A prototype of vehicle window will be built to propose the mechanism. To evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype vehicle window mechanism in reducing the interior temperature is done by conducting 2 experiments. By doing this project, the prototype has proven that the implementation of automated power window to dissipate heat is effective with the use of raindrop sensor.
Investigation The Influences of Electric Motor and Electric Go Kart Performance
This researcher focused at every type of electric motor and every force applied to a go kart. The goal of this research is to choose a prototype of an electric motor drive mechanism and test its performance on an electric go-kart. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to establish the power requirements of an Electric Go-Kart, as well as its specific motion capabilities and performance specifications factors, in order to access the performance of the Electric Go-Kart motion. The benefit of developed electric go kart is to help decrease the pollution emitted and as a substitute to the typical combustion engine vehicle. However, due to its high congestion and pollution issue, a pollution with free vehicle created. In the first phase of the project, the researcher surveyed information related to the typical of electric motor that use in electric go kart. The second phase of the project is mainly on calculating the forces acted on the Electric Go Kart itself. Three main factor of movement behavior on go kart determined rolling resistance 54.88N, air resistance 28.4N and force gravity going uphill 552.98N. After that, the researcher selects drive system components with required specifications. The Brushless DC Motor was selected with 2000W 48V whose maximum output torque is 27.6Nm. Towards the end phase of the project, the electric go kart prototype was developed with actual size of go kart 1.94m length, 1.4m width and 0.5m height. Electric motor was analyzed on the motor speed, torque and power to make sure that the performance was approximately the set specifications. In conclusion, the project was success and it can produce a good performance at the go kart.
An Exploratory Study of Integrating Booster Seat Design on Rear Seat Vehicle in Static Test
Child Restraint System (CRS) is a safety seat created especially for child or small adult. The function of CRS is to protect or avoid child from any injury or death during vehicle crashes. This study presents a broad, comprehensive research effort that brings together industry and academic skill and uses numerous methodologies with countermeasures as the focus of applied research. The objectives of this study are to design mechanism for an integrated child seat booster for the rear seat and analyze the strength of the booster seat mechanism when loads applied on it. In order to get the seating reference point, 3D scanning process has been performed using car seat model from a toy car. A design of the booster seat mechanism is chosen for the reference based on the previous study. SolidWorks has been used in the designing and simulation of the static test process for the booster seat mechanism. The simulation has been performed to determine stress, strain and displacement of the integrated seat booster mechanism by applying different loads in static condition. The result from the simulation showed that when load D (37.08kg) was applied on the mechanism, it has the highest stress, strain and displacement which is 7689000N/m2, 2.22×10-5 and 1.74×10-2mm respectively. This is due to the fact that the more the force applied on the mechanism, the greater the stress, strain and displacement reacted on the booster seat mechanism. The success of this project will able the researcher and consumer to improve the safety of the child occupant in the CRS during the event of crash.
Analysis of The Influences of Biodiesel On Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine
Biodiesel remains an alternative fuel of interest for use in diesel engines. A common characteristic of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel, is a lowered heating value (or energy content of the fuel). This review paper discusses the characteristics of biodiesel that has a great influence on the performance and emission of diesel engine. A lower heating value of the fuel, assuming all other parameters are equal would result in decreased engine torque. Since engine torque is often user-demanded, the lower heating value of the fuel generally translates into increased brake specific fuel consumption. The biodiesel from edible oils is non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engines. There is some indication that the use of biodiesel fuel can degrade diesel engine oil performance to such an extent that shortening of oil drain intervals is required. Oil, which is fuel-diluted with biodiesel, which is also known to contain unsaturated hydrocarbon bonds would be expected to be more prone to oxidation. Besides, the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engines with no or fewer modification. Plus, it favors to reduce carbon deposit and wear of the key engine parts. Therefore, the blends of biodiesel, with small content in place of petroleum diesel, can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy. However, many further researches on optimization and modification of engine, low temperature performances of engine, new instrumentation, methodology for measurements and etc., should be performed when petroleum diesel is substituted completely by biodiesel. In this study, reports about biodiesel engine performances and emissions, published by highly rated journals in scientific indexes were cited preferentially since the year 2000. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power, economy, durability, emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions and the corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail.
Influences of Biopetrol-Ethanol Fuel on Performance and Emission in Internal Combustion Engine
The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the engine performance and pollutant emission of a commercial SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels with various blended rates (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). Fuel properties of ethanol–gasoline blended fuels were first examined by the standard ASTM methods. Results showed that by increasing the ethanol content, the heating value of the blended fuels is decreased, while the octane number of the blended fuels increases. It was also found that with the increment of ethanol content, the Reid vapor pressure of the blended fuels initially increases to a maximum at 10% ethanol addition, and then decreases. Results of the engine test indicated that using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels, torque output and fuel consumption of the engine slightly increase; CO and HC emissions decrease dramatically as a result of the leaning effect caused by the ethanol addition; and CO2 emission increases because of the improved combustion. Finally, it was noted that NOx emission depends on the engine operating condition rather than the ethanol content.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology
Analysis of the Biodegradable Lubricant in Internal Combustion Engine
Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25°C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. The emission performance was run using neem oil blends as samples. The brief discussion is made on emission performance, fuel efficiency, viscosity index and coefficient of friction. Also, deduction was made for the temperature of crank case oil, coolant and the exhaust gas.
Experimental Evaluation of Brake Response Time on Motorcycle Brake Lamp
Rear-end collisions are one of the highest contributors to road accidents fatalities, especially motorcycles which made up to 60% of the total of accidents that occur. The reasons that trigger such accidents are careless, dangerous turning (lane splitting and weaving between vehicles) and speeding, thus causing the awareness of the following vehicles to decline. That is why this study is conducted to find out the effectiveness of flashing brake lamps compared to conventional brake lamps on motorcycles. The experiment involves the driving experience, the distance between vehicles and gender as the factors that affect the brake response time (BRT) on brake lamps. The data collected are analysed and the findings showed that driving experience can influence the BRT, where experienced drivers have faster BRT (0.575 s) compared to others, however, beginner drivers demonstrate the highest BRT reduction by 13.4% (0.123 s). The analysis of the BRT based on the distance between vehicles displayed the driver’s adaptation to flashing brake lamps. The 10 m distance has the highest BRT reduction among other distances by 18.09% (0.142 s) even though the 6 m and 8 m distances presented a quite small BRT reduction, only around 0.04 s. Gender also illustrated the biggest impact of BRT on brake lamps, where males seem to be quicker to respond than females by 23.51% and 28.62% for conventional and flashing lamps respectively. As a whole, the flashing lamps portrayed shorter BRT than the conventional lamps by 9.87% (0.074 s). thus, it is suggested that flashing brake lamps is proven to reduce the BRT of the rear drivers and are suitable for implementation on motorcycles. Therefore, this study will benefit the future improvement and increase the conspicuity of motorcycle brake lamps.
CFD Analysis of Rear-Spoilers Effectiveness on Sedan Vehicle in Compliance with Malaysia National Speed Limit
A spoiler is an aerodynamic component used to decrease drag in automobiles. The primary function of the car rear spoiler is to increase the vehicle’s grip on the road by decreasing the aerodynamic drag and increase stability. This rear positioned device built up an area of high pressure to replace the low pressure on the trunk leading to increased stability. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of rear spoiler on automobile aerodynamic drag and stability in compliance with the Malaysian National Speed Limit. Both the sedan vehicle model and the rear spoiler models were built using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software. The data was then analyzed in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) software to calculate the drag and lift force acting on the moving sedan car at velocity of 60km/h, 90km/h and 110 km/h. There have been some limitations due to the complexity of the design. Two rear spoiler designs which are the ducktail spoiler and the rear wing were used in the simulation along with the sedan vehicle. The result given by the simulations shows that rear spoilers increase the drag force and the downforce of the car. Rear wing shows a drastic increase in drag and downforce while ducktail spoiler shows a slight increase. The result also shows that slow moving vehicle has higher drag than fast moving vehicle. In summary, spoilers increase drag at low speed and only shows its benefits at high speed. Given the Malaysia National Speed Limit, spoilers may only show its benefit when the vehicle is driven on the expressway since expressways has a speed limit of 110 km/h.
Improvement of Combustion Process and Exhaust Emissions with Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is a combustion concept that is characterized by low temperature, partially premixed combustion using early injections, large ignition delays and high percentages of Exhaust Gas Recirculation. This review paper discusses the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) and the way to reduce the emissions. A promising low-emission combustion concept is used by the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI). Air and exhaust gas before auto-ignition, the soot and NOx emissions are lower than for conventional diesel combustion by partially mixing the fuel. Fuel lean premixed combustion has potentials to achieve high efficiency and low emissions. The ignitability of lean mixture, flame stability and controlling in this combustion are significant issues to be addressed. The main issues for lean burn intermittent combustion engines are (i) the mixture preparation for lean combustion requires expensive or premium technology and (ii) achieving this combustion over a wide range of load and speed is difficult for a smooth-running engine.
Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)
Simulation The Effect of Spoiler on Aerodynamic for Sedan Car
The goal of this research is to select the parameter of the car body at different velocity with different spoiler and to stimulate and analyse the drag coefficient and lift coefficient of the car body at different velocity with different spoiler. Moreover, aerodynamics in vehicles now play an important role. Aerodynamics affects vehicle performance by changing parameter such as lifting force and drag force, which play a major role in high speeds and fuel economy. The benefit of this research is to reduce drag and prevent undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability when travelling at high speeds. For the analysis, the model is created in SOLIDWORKS and then imported into Ansys Workbench and Fluid Flow (Fluent) for further analysis. There are four models of car body in this simulation, which is Model 1, Model 2, Model 3 and Model 4. To collect data on the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, pressure contour and velocity streamline, this simulation was run at five different velocity which is 120 km/h, 140 km/h, 160 km/h, 180 km/h and 200 km/h. In conclusion, spoilers have a significant impact on drag reduction and the prevention of undesired lift forces.
The Effect of Inner Duct on Aerodynamic Noise of an Outside Rear View Mirror
Vehicle outside rear view mirror is one of the parts that produce aerodynamic noise. When the airflow gets contact with the body, aerodynamic noise produced as well as vibration noises caused by friction between air and the body. The study focused on the aerodynamic noise of vehicle outside rear view mirror produced during cruising or speeding. This research aims to analyze sound pressure level reduction by using different design of outside rear view mirror. SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS FLUENT computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were used to design outside rear view mirror and analyze the aerodynamic noise. Boundary condition analysis and 3D modelling geometry were used as the method to conduct this project. This study involved two different outside rear view mirror designs which are the reference design and inner duct design. Each mirror was tested with 3 vehicle speeds: 110 km/h, 130 km/h and 150 km/h. Analysis shows that inner duct outside rear view mirror has lower sound pressure level produced compared to reference outside rear view mirror. An average, inner duct outside rear view mirror has 39.47 % noise reduction while reference outside rear view mirror has lower noise reduction which is 22.03 %. This can be concluded that inner duct outside rear view mirror is better design to reduce air resistance, surface area contacts and sound pressure level.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Automotive Powertrain and Transportation Technology
The Effect of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters on The Quality Of Abs Product
Fused Deposition Modelling is one of the widely used Additive Manufacturing techniques that are used to create functional end use part of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic. The need to ensure that the parts have better dimensional accuracy, surface finish and better mechanical properties thus exist in order to create the good quality of functional end use of fabricated part. The aim of this research is to study the effect of process parameters on the quality of ABS product. In order to achieve the optimum performance of the part, Taguchi method have been implemented. In this project, orthogonal array of L9 (33) was used and 9 pieces of samples were determined for 3 parameters namely: layer thickness, infill density and build orientation with 3 levels each. The sample used in this project is tensile specimen as per ASTM D638 type IV. The specimen was designed using SolidWorks and printed using UP Mini 3D Printer. The specimen was observed for dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and tensile strength. From the finding, it is found that the two most significant control factors for all of the output parameters are object orientation and infill density. Object orientation is the most significant control factor followed by infill density. It affects dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and the tensile strength of the printed specimen test the most compared to the control factor of layer thickness.
Study on Characteristic of Motorcycle Suspension
Generally, the motorcycle has the same system as a vehicle. Its main function of the suspension system is to provide good driving comfort, better handling, isolating the noise, bump and vibration from the road condition. The passenger of motorcycle also experienced the different effect such as handling and ride comfort from different velocity of the motorcycle. The main objective of this study is to develop the simulation of a motorcycle passive suspension system and to investigates the effect of ride comfort of the motorcycle by apply different speed using vehicle model analysis. All the simulations were carried using Matlab\Simulink software and the simulation model were conducted by applying different of speed which is 20 km/h, 30 km/h and 40 km/h when hit the bump. The finding of the result from the simulation progress showed that the effect of both the distribution of spring-damping supported mass. The finding results also showed that the half-car model for passive suspension system of a vehicle can be used on a motorcycle by using the appropriate suspension component and bump dimension parameter to be simulated in the Matlab\Simulink software.