Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation
The Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation (JSMT) is a peer review journal that publishes twice a year. JSMT welcome article submission from the local and international researchers and practitioners in various field of sustainability and manufacturing in transportation engineering and system applications. JSMT will publish reviewed articles and bring out special issues on a specific sub-field of mechanical engineering. Authors are encouraged to contact the Editors to submit a review an article or bring out a special issue of the journal.
The Development of an Assessment Tool for Successful Product Development Based On DFMA and AHP Approach: Automotive Industry Case Study
Successful product development is critical in the automotive industry, offering benefits such as optimised manufacturing, reduced costs, and faster market entry. Despite available tools, the complexity of design resources makes the process challenging. This study aimed to develop an assessment tool for evaluating successful product design in the automotive sector, starting with identifying success criteria from reputable research. Expert Choice software was employed to analyse the significance and weightage of the identified criteria. As a result, there are 19 criteria were prioritised across four key categories. The requirements such as product design, cost-effectiveness, safety, and environment. Notably, the most crucial criteria identified were recyclable materials (0.139), end-of-lifecycle considerations (0.118), and sustainable manufacturing (0.108984), while the least important were standardisation (0.0155), cabin ergonomics (0.022), and fire safety (0.0158). The resulting assessment tool, validated by four industry and academic experts, showed promise in helping practitioners self-evaluate successful product design within the automotive industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital and Sustainable Transition: Status of European Union Production of Transport Equipment Sector
The European Digital Decade (2030) strategy sets out guidelines for digitalisation in Europe, meaning that more than 90% of businesses have achieved at least their significant digitisation capacity. The European Commission is committed to implementing the European Green Deal to reduce its environmental impact. Production of the transport equipments sector will play an important role in Europe's green and digital transition, creating technologies that contribute to sustainable development and strengthen Europe. The limited and fragmented use of digital and sustainable technologies at the European Union level within the Production of the transport equipments sector is identified. The results of the publication show that the number of papers on digital practices is five times higher than the number of papers on sustainable practices. This article aims to develop guidelines that allow the Production of the transport equipments sector to accelerate the transition among the European Union member states. The author proposed a two-step approach to testing for the digital and sustainable transition of Production of the transport equipments sector. According to this method, the researcher of this study mainly analyzes and compares data from the European Union 27 Production of the transport equipments sectors, reflecting the performance activities among the manufacturing sector in general. The results show that 8 Production of the transport equipments sector digital and sustainable indicators are lower than the European Union average of the manufacturing sector. In addition, the proposed interdisciplinary ranking system is being developed to consider decision-making and progress in transitioning to a more digital and sustainable landscape. The study identifies areas needing more attention from Production of the transport equipments sector and policymakers and aligns the green and digital transitions.
The Evaluation of Pulsed Eddy Current Technique for Detection and Characterization of Surface Defect in Carbon Steel Welded Sample: An Experimental Study
Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) is an advanced Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method based on the principles of electromagnetic induction which generate square wave form. This study was carried out to investigate the surface defect that occurs in carbon steel welded sample (ASTM A36) and to investigate the signal profile of a transverse crack orientation with different defect depths which are 1mm, 2m, 3mm, 4mm and 5mm. A total of five test samples have been used to execute this study with different defect depths. MATLAB is used to generate the result and from the result, it shows that transverse crack is inversely proportional where the deeper the crack, the lower the magnetic field where the magnetic field dropped by 3.54% from 1mm to 2mm of defect depths. However, 3mm of defect depth decreased by 5.55% when compared to 2mm. Meanwhile, with defect depths of 4mm and 5mm, each magnetic field reduced by 2.59% and 4.91%, respectively. This is due to the changes of relative permeability and electrical conductivity of the test sample after welding process been done and affected the magnetic field that acquired. Therefore, it shows that PEC is an effective method of NDT in order to detect the surface defect carbon steel.
Research on Punctuality of Public Transport Benchmarking the Polish National Railways
This article seeks to analyze the reliability of the Polish State Railways (PKP) as the benchmark railway promptness and timekeeping. Railways punctuality is crucial in its given capacity of colossal mobility day-by-day. The accuracy in time keeping railways results in increased productivity, better academic performance and improved wellness. This study concludes the Polish National Railways promptness and timekeeping is about 90% and below par. To benchmark railway promptness, respondent observations are tabulated in tables and charts to show analysis by statistical measure. More importantly, the article outlines opportunities for improvement in the procedures that impact the punctuality of rail public transportation.
Polish National Railways, punctuality, public transport, railways, Poland, PKP
An Artificial Neural Network with Bayes' Theorem (Hybrid) for Automated Bearing Faults Diagnosis
Bearing fault diagnosis plays a pivotal role in the realm of condition-based maintenance, with vibration spectra analysis standing out as a highly effective method for discerning issues in rotating machinery. Various signal processing tools, including wavelet analysis, empirical mode decomposition, and Hilbert-Huang transform, have been employed to scrutinize vibration spectra. However, these methodologies often necessitate human expertise to ensure optimal outcomes. In the pursuit of automated fault diagnosis, machine learning tools such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) have emerged as viable alternatives. Over recent decades, considerable research efforts have been devoted to exploring the viability of employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for automatic fault diagnosis, resulting in predominantly positive findings. Nevertheless, the accuracy of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is intricately linked to factors such as the neural network structure, encompassing considerations like the number of nodes, hidden layers, and the choice of activation function. Addressing this challenge, the present study introduces an innovative hybrid algorithm for automated bearing fault diagnosis, integrating Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with the Bayes’ Theorem (BT) theory. The hybrid algorithm exploits Bayes’ Theorem (BT) theory to augment fault diagnosis results derived from Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), specifically by alleviating conflicting outcomes generated within the neural network. The study focuses on characterizing four conditions of bearings, namely a healthy state and three distinct fault types: rolling element, inner race, and outer race faults. Through the proposed hybrid algorithm, working in tandem with artificial neural networks, a demonstrated superiority is established, surpassing the results obtained by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in isolation. This pioneering approach not only underscores the potential for heightened accuracy but also underscores the enhanced reliability achievable in automated bearing fault diagnosis.
Implementation of Lean Manufacturing to Improve Production Efficiency: A Case Study of Electrical and Electronic Company in Malaysia
The manufacturing industry plays a crucial role in the economy development of a country includes Malaysia. Lean manufacturing is a production method that aims to minimize waste and optimize efficiency in the manufacturing process. By applying lean manufacturing, it enables a company to pursues continuous improvement and integration of labor with a clear focus on value adding activities and elimination of waste. However, this concept is still not widely being applied by all type of company or limited in certain aspects only. This study aims to implement lean concept into a medium sized electronic company in Malaysia named as Company ABC, particularly to improve the efficiency of the production line. Company ABC is expanding its production line, thus looking forward to implement 8 Waste and VSM to improve the Line Balancing Rate and improve the line productivity from 1500 units/ week to 3000 units / week. The clarifications lead to this study is to understand, how the Implementation of Lean Manufacturing can help to improve the production line efficiency, what are the factors that causes producibility issues during design development stage and what are the area of improvement of the manufacturing line of Model X that could be enhanced and applied in this particular project. The goal of this study is to assess the contribution of Lean six sigma in the company to increase the process line productivity and maximize the efficiency of the production process. A model was developed to simulate the efficiency improvement of the production line after application of Lean Manufacturing.
Ergonomic Risk Assessment for Manual Handling Activities in Automotive Workshop
Ergonomic risk assessment tools are tools that have been designed to solve the problem of ergonomics in the workplace from manual material handling activities. The objective of this study is to investigate Musculoskeletal Discomfort among workers related to manual handling activities using Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ); to assess an ergonomics risk factor among workers related to manual handling activities using Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC), NIOSH Lifting Equation(NLE), and Key Indicator Method for Manual Handling Operation (KIM-MHO) method and; to compare the results between CMDQ and assessment tools. This case study was conducted in Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia involving 34 male mechanics workers. The tools used are as stated in the objective with the help of measurement tools such as a goniometer. The result of the CMDQ reveals that the body part with the highest discomfort level among the workers in the lower back, shoulder right and shoulder left with the percentage from the total discomfort score of 20.91%, 13.57%, and 13.36% respectively. From the result of the assessments, it is concluded that the highest risk factor contributing to the MSDs is the bad posture of the worker during the manual handling operation followed by the frequency of lifting and the weight of the load. By comparing assessment tools, the first comparison is made between the CMDQ versus KIM-MHO, MAC Tools and NLE. In this comparison that, it is highlighted the result type from CMDQ are different from the KIM-MHO, MAC Tools and NLE as its questionnaire result shows us the discomforts levels on the body of workers and the body parts affected on their body for the last seven days but the assessment tools results show us the risk factor that contributes to the MSDs. For the comparison between the three assessment tools, it can be said that the tools that have the highest correlation with CMDQ are MAC Tools. In conclusion, most workers suffer from MSDs in their lower back due to their bad posture during manual handling. KIM-MHO is the best assessment tool among the three as it has the highest significance value while being the easiest tool to be used.
Commercial Aircraft Selection Decision Support Model Using Fuzzy Combinative Multiple Criteria Decision Making Analysis
Multidimensional decision-making issues invariably entail a profusion of factors and dimensions necessitating consideration. In such intricate environments, decision-making can be notably challenging. To navigate this complexity, the realm of multiple criteria decision-making approaches is indispensable, helping in unraveling convoluted predicaments. This paper introduces a novel approach fuzzy combinative multiple criteria decision-making analysis — crafted to address fuzzy decision analysis challenges. At the heart of this method lies the utilization of the Euclidean distance as the primary measure and the rectilinear distance as the secondary measure, both calibrated in accordance with the negative-ideal solution. Determining the desirability of alternatives rests on these distances. Further augmenting the evaluation, the process involves combining the Euclidean and rectilinear distances through fuzzy combinative multiple criteria decision-making analysis. The efficacy and stability of the fuzzy decision analysis are underscored through a numerical example, illustrating the proposed method's procedural nuances. A comparative analysis comparing both Euclidean distance and rectilinear distance with the weighted sum model and the weighted product model is also conducted. This scrutiny underscores the efficiency of the proposed method while affirming the reliability of its outcomes.
fuzzy combinative multiple criteria decision-making analysis
Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Selected Nigerian Seaports Container Throughput’s Efficiency
This paper measures efficiency of container throughputs across the selected terminals within the selected seaports using input-output efficiency ratio. For a terminal to be productive does not mean it is efficient. There are forms of efficiencies as allocative, economic and technical. All round pass mark of efficiency in this regard has to do with minimum time spent within the system of a port for a particular transaction. This research has been able to determine the efficiencies of container throughputs across terminals within five major seaports in Nigeria with collected secondary data (2012-2022) from Nigerian Bureau of Statistics on container cargo throughputs for Apapa, Tin Can Island, Onne, Calabar, Port Harcourt and Warri terminals. The total inputs containers throughputs in (tonnes) from different terminals within a port were aggregated together to constitute an input for terminals within a seaport. The input variables are number of ships per annum, cargo handling equipment (cranes) (TPC) and dock workers (ngh). Stochastic Frontier Analysis with the aid of R-software has been used to analyse the collected data It was observed that terminals at Onne are most efficient followed by Calabar. Tin can Island terminal efficiency was a slightly higher than that of Apapa as both had a little above average mean efficiency value. Warri terminals are the least while Rivers was not considered for unavailability of data. There are other factors responsible for inefficiencies of mostly the western terminals at Apapa, Tin Can and Warri Eastern terminals which can be investigated further in future research.
Omnidirectional Battery Electric Vehicle for Use in Oil Palm Plantation
Concerns on the low labour shortage and the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) generation prompted the industrial player to increase mechanisation during operation and adopting low carbon footprint mobile platforms. In this paper, a design and analysis study was conducted and reported on a conceptual battery electric vehicle (BEV) for use in the oil palm plantations. With a maximum operating road speed of 30km/hr and harvesting load of 320kg, the BEV will require a minimum operational power of 44.5kW. In accommodating the soggy ground with the demand to navigate narrow and undulating terrains, the proposed BEV was designed to be equipped with an omnidirectional functionality with continuous track, without the use of conventional wheels. Major components arrangement and design for the omnidirectional mechanism are presented in this paper. This preliminary work will also serve as the foundation towards refining the BEV design, especially on the vehicle functionality and manoeuvrability in the plantation sites. Further recommendations are also outlined that will focus on validating the conceptual design and analysis on the total energy generation and consumption of the BEV.
Unveiling the Environmental and Economic Implications of Additive Manufacturing on Inbound Transportation
This study aims to investigate the impact of additive manufacturing (AM) on the sustainability of inbound transportation. By combining insights from existing literature and interviews with professionals in the additive manufacturing field, we present a comprehensive analysis of this subject. Drawing upon both literature review and interview perspectives, it is evident that AM significantly influences the sustainable dimension of transportation. A key attribute of additive manufacturing is its inherent efficiency, resulting in minimized waste generation during production. This stands in contrast to traditional manufacturing methods, which involve material reduction to achieve desired shapes. The streamlined process of additive manufacturing requires fewer raw materials, thereby reducing environmental impact. The transportability of filament powder in bulk form further contributes to these sustainability gains, reducing material volume and transportation frequency. Consequently, emissions associated with additive manufacturing-related transportation are lowered. Recycling of materials is also structured within a broader framework, deviating from the conventional model of product returns to manufacturers. Despite its potential, our empirical findings suggest that the adoption of additive manufacturing doesn't consistently lead to cost reduction compared to conventional methods. The applicability of additive manufacturing remains limited to specific product ranges. Nevertheless, cost savings can occur in the realm of inbound transportation due to factors such as reduced transportation frequency and the transport-friendly nature of raw material containers. Furthermore, the efficiency of raw material usage in additive manufacturing contributes to economic benefits. Unlike conventional manufacturing, additive processes don't require extensive raw material inventories. Economic considerations extend to the adoption of distributed manufacturing systems. While centralized systems minimize raw material transportation, they may increase transportation distance for the final products. Conversely, distributed systems increase raw material travel but decrease product transportation distance. The study underscores that while distributed manufacturing offers advantages, it impacts transportation costs. In essence, this study sheds light on the complex interplay between additive manufacturing and inbound transportation sustainability. It underscores how additive manufacturing's inherent efficiencies and material characteristics have ramifications for environmental and economic dimensions. Through a blend of theoretical insights and empirical evidence, this research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable manufacturing practices.
Sustainable Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Of Inconel 718 When Using RBD Palm Oil Based Dielectric Fluid
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) involves the discharge of a series of discrete sparks from a high-voltage electrical arc between the metal and the workpiece, therefore removing the metal. This experimental research aims to evaluate the material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), and surface roughness (Ra) of an Inconel 718 and a copper (Cu) electrode while using a sustainable electrical discharge machining (EDM) method with the usage of either a modified bio-degradable or traditional dielectric fluid. RBD palm oil has been trans-esterified to achieve the same viscosity concentration as kerosene fluids. In this study, the influence of peak current from 6A to 12A and Pulse duration from 50?s to 150?s on the machinability performance were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface topography of Inconel 718 and electrode surface morphology. The result shows that at highest Ip=12A and the lowest ton=150?s yield the highest MRR for those RBD palm oil, modified RBD, and kerosene dielectric fluid. The improvement of MRR for RBD palm oil and modified RBD as dielectric fluid is about 46.82% and a decrement of 8.89% when compared to kerosene at the same parameter settings. Meanwhile, machining by using RBD palm oil, modified RBD, and kerosene at Ip =6A and ton =150µs yields the lowest EWR and Ra respectively. However, the value of EWR and Ra for RBD palm is slightly higher compared to kerosene and modified RBD. In the case of machinability, RBD palm oil shows the best results in the EDM machining of Inconel 718.
Characteristics and Preliminary Study of Ceramic Concretes
One of the most adaptable and frequently used building materials in the world is concrete. It is flexible in terms of size and shape, sturdy, long-lasting, low-maintenance, fireproof, and easy to use. However, further research is needed to increase the durability and sustainability of this material since concrete technology is still in developing industry. Therefore, it's crucial to comprehend how microstructure and characteristics interact in terms of how they affect concrete's strength, dimensional stability, and durability. The findings of this research are crucial in identifying the properties and characteristics of the ceramic concrete used for bridge construction or others. Advanced research to ascertain the hardness and physical qualities and features of ceramic concrete material is required. Thus, it will help to produce a reliable data for engineer to refer for their future works or project. To ascertain its hardness and physical characteristics, research has been conducted on ceramic concrete for several types of grades. In the current study, the ceramic concrete was tested through the physical and Vickers-hardness tests. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on samples were performed to observe the phases and morphology of the ceramic concrete, respectively. For results of physical testing, the density and water absorption correlate to each other by the denser of the sample, the lower of water absorption and the porosity level of the ceramic concrete. Based on the Vickers micro hardness test, it can be seen that longer curing days affected the hardness, where the concretes of grade 30 and 40 at 28 curing days had better hardness value. Next, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on samples shown almost same microstructure, while the dominant phase of all ceramic concrete grades was SiO2 by the XRD analysis. In summary, better properties of ceramic concretes were indicated at 28 curing days for both grades of ceramic concretes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation
A Study of Weld Seams on Low Carbon Steel ABS Grade a Marine Plates Using SMAW Process
The research aims to study and assess the impact of weld seams of low carbon steel ABS Grade A marine plates of 12.7mm thick using manual SMAW process as per AWS D1.1 structural welding code requirements and fulfilments of ASME Section IX pressurized equipment welding code requirements too. Different voltages, currents, and travel speeds were used to weld the test specimen plates. After the manual SMAW process, a series of testing techniques, including non-destructive tests, such as VT and RT, and destructive tests, such as tensile tests, bend tests, impact tests, microhardness tests, and metallographic examination has been conducted to assess/evaluate on the welded seam profiles and analyses/determines whether the accepted welded seam profiles have fulfilled the relevant welding code requirements. From the series of assessments and analyses, it is confirmed that the welded test specimen 1 having the welding parameters (i.e., voltage 23 V, current 70 A, and travel speeds 56.52 – 312.50 mm/min, having a range of heat inputs from 0.31kJ/mm to 1.71kJ/mm) is accepted as the quality good weld seam.
The Development of a Vehicle Recovery Remanufacturing Tool: An Interior Parts Analysis Indicator
The rapid growth of the automotive industry has placed a significant demand on earth resources such as metal and minerals. This has led to a shortage of materials and an increase in material prices. One of the solutions to enhance resource management is to perform parts remanufacturing during product design to ease the part classification. However, this initiative is not yet widely explored, particularly in terms of guideline or tool development. For example, the recyclers have no idea on how to decide the suitability of an automotive part to be remanufactured. This study aims to develop a vehicle recovery analysis guideline to assist those in the automotive industry in developing vehicles with higher remanufacturing rates during the product development stage. In this study, there are three main criteria, and 11 sub-criteria were determined from the literatures that influences the vehicle part remanufacturing rate. These criteria are classified into three main categories namely: selection of material, method of joining, and mechanical design. Next, quantitative approach namely Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was applied to collect the pairwise comparison data from the automotive industry practitioners. The gathered data were analyzed using Expert Choice V11 software to determine the criteria priority weightage to influence the remanufacturing activities. From the analysis, the three most influencing criteria are type of joining (0.216), durability (0.131), type of material (0.103), whereas the criteria that least being considered are cost of material (0.018), cleanability (0.04), and design complexity (0.041). From the obtained priority weightage, these data were used to develop ana assessment tool using Microsoft Excel software. The assessment tool was validated by experts to ensure its feasibility to be applied as a remanufacturing guideline. Positive feedbacks were obtained from the experts especially on the outputs of assessment tool which able to assist the practitioner in product design and ease the process of remanufacturing.
Design and Analysis of Coconut Tree Climbing Bike Using Reverse Engineering Technique
Coconut tree is a hard-shelled seed of coconut tree growing to a height of eight-meter to 30m. It is one of the most important crops in the world. Coconut is considered as a healthy food and is used in a variety of food and medicine In this research, it is done to design the coconut tress climbing bike using a reverse engineering technique. This research is aimed at solving the problem that being face by the most of the climber that did not have a complete equipment and technology to climb the coconut trees. This project is more focusing on the reversed engineering technique that basically based on available medium internet source. Throughout the investigation and analysis, references based to the Ganapathi Bhat design process were studied to know the required information including load capacity, weight, price, size and required speed. The simulation and engineering analysis are completed using SolidWorks software to evaluate the specification. Based on the result from the analysis and simulation, this design is able support and carry a user of 80kg to climb the coconut tree. The maximum speed of the coconut tree climbing bike is estimated as of 0.6m/s. The design of the coconut tree climbing bike with the dimension of 717mm(L) x 539mm(W) x 415mm(H) and the total weight is 29.7kg. The selling price for this bike is estimated approximate RM3532.15. This project is hoped to provide readers with information to create the product of the Coconut Tree Climbing Bike in Malaysia. Hence, hopefully this research can help to introduce this technology in more detail to the universities and citizens.
Finite Element Analysis of Piston for Structural Assessments
This paper presents the assessment of different piston head geometry made of aluminum and magnesium alloy. ANSYS finite element analysis is used to analyze the piston under static and transient conditions. Round and flat piston head is constructed using SOLIDWORK software and the exported to ANSYS WORKBENCH. According to static analysis, it is found that flat head piston produced higher stress compared with round head piston. Similar trend is observed when transient analysis is conducted where round piston head capable to produce almost stress consistency with respect to time.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation
A System of Child Detection in Car Using Thermal Sensor
There are some cases about the child died in the car that causes by the parent did not aware their child being left in the car in long duration time. Therefore, there is a project that can overcome the problem of children being left behind in the car that is a prototype that can detect children in the car by using heat-sensing technology and effective indicators to users so that users are aware of the indicators in the prototype system be created. The system of the prototype consists of Arduino MKR WIFI 1010, thermal sensor, buzzer, LEDs, relay, and power bank that be constructed in circuit. This work evaluates the prototype able to detect child remain in car using thermal sensor with detection range is 37cm on the rear car seat and also able to notify the user about its using indicator LED and buzzer alarm. The prototype will connect to the car to operate as the flow in the flowchart. This prototype helps the user to prevent the child be left in a car.
Development of Car Tyre Air Pressure System (CTAPMS) Using Node MCU ESP8266 Board
CTAPMS is an electronic system designed in this work to monitor the air pressure inside pneumatic tyres on various types of vehicles. A crucial issue in monitoring air pressures of a tyre was most users are too lazy and do not check their car tyre condition daily or before starting a journey. As an assist device for the user to monitor their car air tyre pressure daily, this project has developed the CTAPMS using a BMP180 sensor and Node MCU 8266 microcontroller board. Based on the system, the measured car air tyre pressure can be visualized from the ThingSpeak IoT platform through a smartphone. The performance of the developed system has been validated through a series of experimental works. The result indicates a reliable measurement with an error of less than 10% as compare to the existing system. Further, this product will be commercialized for future use.
Internet of Things, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System, Arduino, ThingSpeak
A Study On Conceptual Design of a Drone for Transportation in The Agricultural Sector
A drone is a fast-growing technology that has been used in many applications in the world. The drone also is a new solution for the transportation process in the agricultural sector. The primary purpose of this project is to explore the potential of drone or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to reduce the dependence on fossil-fueled vehicles to transport the crops within the farm and from the farm to the seller. The use of drones will create lower emission of carbon dioxide and toxic gases that are usually generated by fossil-fueled vehicles. Besides, this research is also essential to reduce the health issues that currently appear from agriculture activities. The objective of this project is to determine the parameters to design a suitable drone for transportation in the agricultural sector. In addition, the design of the drone must be able to carry a maximum of 10 kg of payload, which can be analyzed by simulation and analysis. The simulation and analysis are performed by SolidWorks software. The conceptual design of the drone is proposed by following the George E. Dieter model of the design process. In addition, a simulation on the strength of the drone components and analysis on the thrust of the motor have been conducted to verify the proposed drone design concept based on the determined parameters. The cost estimation of the drone is about RM17683.65 and the overall weight is 26.823 kg. In conclusion, the drone design concept for transportation in the agricultural sector is proposed as a preliminary study for future works.
Drone, Transportation, Agricultural sector, Concept
Development of Computational Model of Motorcycle and Rider During Collision
The goal of this project is to develop the computational model of motorcycle and rider for deformable body. Also, to identify the response of rider and motorcycle on collision. Computational model is the one method that can replace the actual experiment on crash test. From the simulation can save cost by actual impact crash test. This project begins with design the model of actual motorcycle. Because the model of the project using Honda Wave 100R is to complex and the computer not powerful enough to generate mesh the simplified model is use for the project. Then, the material of this project using ANSI 304 stainless steel. The simulation of the experiment run by the ANSYS software to calculate mathematical model result after impact. Finally, the result of deformation was recorded to compare the result of deformation on actual crash test. The Comparison result of deformation actual and simulation are quietly similar
Computational model, Collision, Deformable
Wear Characteristics of 22MnB5 Boron Steel under Friction Micro Pin-On-Disks Test
22MnB5 Boron Steel can be considered as emerged material for high strength and low weight application. This material potentially used in abrasive condition such as cutting tool or brake pad where high friction resistance applies. In this study, the wear characteristics of 22MnB5 was investigated under the frictional tests via micro pin-on-disk. 22MnB5 Boron Steel was prepared the form of round shape within the size of 2.6 mm thickness and 12 mm diameter by using laser cutting. 4 different samples were tested namely blank (sample A), self-hardening heat treatment (sample B), 60 HRC hot stamped (sample C) and 70 HRC hot stamped (sample D). The results show that Coefficient of Friction (COF) increased as the hardness of 22MnB5 decreased. Low COF of 0.2114 recorded for sample D with 70 HRC hardness. The COF increased to 0.24, 0.29 and 0.3 when sample C (60 HRC), sample B (52 HRC) and sample A (45.5 HRC) applied respectively. For pin-on disc test, worn area decreased as the hardness increased. 22MnB5 that prepared with the highest hardness of 70 HRC presented smallest wear area of 700 µm x 2400 µm. It is followed by 800 µm x 2400 µm, 1000 µm x 2400 µm, 1600 µm x 2800 µm, when sample C, B and A were scratched. Observation on the worn surface revealed delamination of 22MnB5 surface in the form of fragmented flaking debris.
Development of Resistance Sintering Furnace for Heat Treatment of 22MnB5
This paper presents the development of resistance heating furnace based on the direct electrical conduction method that can perform with lower energy. Based on the concept of resistance welding, resistance heating furnace was developed for heat treatment of 22MnB5 Boron steel with the aim to change the microstructure from pearlite to austenite phases before quenched into martensite phase. The main component for this machine consisted of transformer, copper electrodes, copper cable coil and wood frame structure. The design of the machine resembled resistance welding with upper and lower electrodes were assembled together mounted by the wood frame. The heating energy collected from the electrical current that flow through cooper cable that rolled through toroidal transformer. The result shows that the machine capable to heat the 22MnB5 Boron steel with maximum temperature of 721.2°C. However, the machine demonstrates overheat after 7 minutes due to the insulation burn of cooper cable. Further improvement of cooling system and copper insulation need to be addressed to prolong the heating operation.
Initial Study of Converting Sound Energy into Electrical Energy
This study concerns on finding alternative source of energy by finding out the method of converting available and unused sound energy into electrical energy. The purpose of this study includes to investigate the possibility of converting sound wave in a range between 70 dB to 80 dB into electrical energy by determining the effectiveness of the method to transform sound wave into electrical energy and study the percentage error between the theoretical and experimental output voltage produced. An electronic circuit-based experiment was conducted to fulfill the objectives of the study. Sound energy was converted into electrical energy by using microphone transducer, then the brightness of bulb and the voltage reading was observed and tabulated. Theoretical and experimental voltage value were compared and being represented in percentage error value. The data shows that there is potential of converting sound into electricity through the suitable electrical circuit and the output voltage increase linearly with the sound pressure levels (SPL) of the sound sources. Further research should include the study of relationship between distance of sound sources and the transducer, and the output voltage produced
Alternative energy, Transducer, Sound Pressure Level, Output Voltage
This paper presents the assessment of different piston head geometry made of aluminum and magnesium alloy. ANSYS finite element analysis is used to analyze the piston under static and transient conditions. Round and flat piston head is constructed using SOLIDWORK software and the exported to ANSYS WORKBENCH. According to static analysis, it is found that flat head piston produced higher stress compared with round head piston. Similar trend is observed when transient analysis is conducted where round piston head capable to produce almost stress consistency with respect to time
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing in Transportation
A Study on Design of a Drone for Transportation in the Agricultural Sector
The Effect of Design Parameters on Mechanical Characteristics of Porous CoCrMo Scaffold Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing
Metallic orthopedic implants to replace or generate lost bones caused by traumatic road traffic injuries often failed prematurely after surgery. Bone resorption caused by stress shielding of metallic implants became a main concern as it can potentially lead to bone implant failure. Metallic scaffold designed in porous structures fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) are widely used as bone implant, since the elastic modulus of the scaffolds can easily tailored according to the bone properties, and the large surfaces are beneficial to cell in-growth. The microarchitecture of scaffold can control their mechanical and biological properties, but it is found that there is lack of systematic approach to select a cell topology with full perspective requirements of bone implant. This paper presents a systematic approach of design space mapping for two CoCrMo unit cell shapes namely square and diamond to understand the relationship between geometrical parameters with additive manufacturing limitation, mechanical and bone ingrowth requirements. The compressive response of the components was simulated by finite element analysis and the influence of design parameters on the scaffold behaviour was compared theoretically with Gibson and Ashby model. The FEA give prediction for effective elastic modulus of 3 GPa to 4.8 GPa for diamond type and range of 6 GPa to 29 GPa for square type. Experimental results showed accurate prediction of compression elastic modulus with average error of 13% for diamond type and 35% for square type respectively. The significance of the methodology and the results showed that different design parameters of the structures can play a major role in the mechanical behaviour of the metallic scaffold.
Wear Characteristics of 22MnB5 Boron Steel under Friction Micro Pin-on-Disks Test
22MnB5 Boron Steel can be considered as emerged material for high strength and low weight application. This material potentially used in abrasive condition such as cutting tool or brake pad where high friction resistance applies. In this study, the wear characteristics of 22MnB5 was investigated under the frictional tests via micro pin-on-disk. 22MnB5 Boron Steel was prepared the form of round shape within the size of 2.6 mm thickness and 12 mm diameter by using laser cutting. 4 different samples were tested namely blank (sample A), self-hardening heat treatment (sample B), 60 HRC hot stamped (sample C) and 70 HRC hot stamped (sample D). The results show that Coefficient of Friction (COF) increased as the hardness of 22MnB5 decreased. Low COF of 0.2114 recorded for sample D with 70 HRC hardness. The COF increased to 0.24, 0.29 and 0.3 when sample C (60 HRC), sample B (52 HRC) and sample A (45.5 HRC) applied respectively. For pin-on disc test, worn area decreased as the hardness increased. 22MnB5 that prepared with the highest hardness of 70 HRC presented smallest wear area of 700 µm x 2400 µm. It is followed by 800 µm x 2400 µm, 1000 µm x 2400 µm, 1600 µm x 2800 µm, when sample C, B and A were scratched. Observation on the worn surface revealed delamination of 22MnB5 surface in the form of fragmented flaking debris