Online Journal for TVET Practitioners (OJ-TP) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal that publishes twice a year (March and September). The objectives of this journal are to promote sharing of knowledge and research information related to Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and general education within scientific community and to serve as a platform for the academicians and researchers from local and international learning institutions as well as public and private agencies to publish the latest research works in TVET through a scholarly publication. OJ-TP welcomes empirical research manuscript either written in English or Malays Language.
Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Quality and Benefits for Work-based Learning Implementation
This study aimed to develop and validate a measurement instrument to assess students’ experiences of the quality and benefits of Work-Based Learning (WBL) implementation within Malaysia’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector. Given the need for a psychometrically robust tool capable of producing interval-level measurement and ensuring item-level diagnostic precision, the Rasch measurement model was employed to evaluate construct validity, reliability, unidimensionality, and item functioning. A total of 68 students enrolled in Ministry of Higher Education WBL programs participated in the study by responding to an online questionnaire. Data was analyzed focusing on person and item reliability indices, separation statistics, item polarity, fit statistics, standardized residual correlations, and the alignment between item difficulty and respondent ability. The analysis demonstrated excellent internal consistency and satisfactory item polarity across all items. Fourteen items initially indicated misfit; following diagnostic evaluation, one item was removed and one revised, resulting in a final 50-item instrument. The validated instrument satisfies Rasch model assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence, confirming its suitability for measuring students’ perceptions of WBL quality and benefit dimensions. This instrument provides educators, researchers, and policymakers with a reliable evaluative tool to strengthen WBL implementation and industry engagement in the Malaysian TVET context.
work-based learning, students’ experiences
Copyright (c) 2026 Online Journal for TVET Practitioners https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pembangunan Modul Pembelajaran Pemasangan Elektrik Sistem Automasi Bangunan
Malay: Bidang pemasangan elektrik sistem automasi bangunan mula diperkenalkan di institusi-institusi pendidikan seperti di Kolej Vokasional, institusi pengajian tinggi awam juga swasta iaitu bagi memenuhi pengetahuan teori dan kemahiran praktikal pelajar dalam bidang automasi sebelum melangkah ke realiti sebenar alam pekerjaan. Namun, kursus ini berhadapan dengan isu seperti kekurangan bahan rujukan tambahan yang lebih menyeluruh dan interaktif, penggunaan media pembelajaran tambahan yang terhad, selain pencarian sumber rujukan secara atas talian mahupun di perpustakaan yang terbatas. Oleh itu, sebuah modul pembelajaran Pemasangan Elektrik Sistem Automasi Bangunan dibangunkan bagi memenuhi keperluan daripada kekangan yang telah dikenal pasti. Pembangunan modul ini dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan penggunaan model instruksional prinsip pengajaran Merrill yang terdiri daripada lima prinsip utama iaitu (1) masalah yang tertumpu kepada tugas dunia sebenar; (2) pengaktifan; (3) demonstrasi; (4) aplikasi dan (5) integrasi. Manakala proses pembangunan modul pembelajaran ini adalah berpandukan model pembangunan modul latihan Colman (2022) yang terdiri daripada enam (6) langkah utama iaitu (1) tentukan masalah; (2) menetapkan objektif kajian; (3) cipta jenis modul latihan yang betul, (4) maklum balas dan semakan; (5) jalankan percubaan dengan kumpulan sasaran dan (6) buat versi akhir, muat naik dan pelancaran. Hasil daripada pengesahan pakar serta penilaian kebolehgunaan oleh 6 orang pakar bidang teknikal, pedagogi dan multimedia mendapati bahawa modul ini sesuai untuk digunakan dalam sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran kerana dapat membantu pemahaman pelajar terhadap sistem elektrik dalam aspek automasi bangunan. Selain itu, modul ini mencerminkan keberkesanan pendekatan interaktif yang digunakan dalam penghasilan juga pembangunan bahan pembelajaran. Ringkasnya, modul ini bukan sahaja dapat membantu meningkatkan penguasaan pelajar terhadap aspek teknikal berkaitan pemasangan elektrik, tetapi juga berfungsi sebagai salah satu alat bahan bantu mengajar (ABBM) yang relevan dengan keperluan pendidikan serta industri automasi terkini. English: The field of electrical installation of building automation systems was first introduced in educational institutions such as Vocational Colleges, public and private higher education institutions, which is to fulfill the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of students in the field of automation before stepping into the real reality of the world of work. However, this course is faced with issues such as the lack of additional reference materials that are more comprehensive and interactive, the limited use of additional learning media, in addition to limited search for reference sources online or in libraries. Therefore, a Building Automation System Electrical Installation learning module was developed to meet the needs of the identified constraints. The development of this module was implemented by applying the Merrill teaching principles instructional model which consists of five main principles, namely (1) problems focused on real-world tasks; (2) activation; (3) demonstration; (4) application and (5) integration. Meanwhile, the development process of this learning module was based on the training module guide by Colman (2022) with six (6) main steps, namely (1) define the problem; (2) set the study objectives; (3) create the right type of training module, (4) feedback and review; (5) conduct a trial with the target group and (6) create the final version, upload and launch. The results of verification and usability evaluation by 6 experts from the aspect of technical, pedagogy and multimedia found that this module is suitable for use in teaching and learning sessions because it is able to enhance student’s understanding of electrical systems in the aspect of building automation. In addition, this module also reflects the effectiveness of the interactive approach used in the production and development of learning materials. Overall, this learning module is not only made to increase student’s mastery of technical aspects related to electrical installation but also functions as one of the teaching aids (ABBM) that is relevant to the needs of education and the latest automation industry.
model instruksional prinsip pengajaran Merrill
Digital Competency and Its Impact on Academic Achievement among Polytechnic Students
In the era of digital transformation that accelerates the evolution of educational systems, mastery of digital competencies in accounting subjects has become a critical foundation for enhancing the quality of learning and preparing students to meet industry demands. This study aims to examine the relationship between digital competencies in accounting subjects and the academic performance of polytechnic students, specifically within the Commerce Department at Ungku Omar Polytechnic. In line with advancements in digital transformation in education, this research focuses on how proficiency in digital tools such as accounting software (MYOB, QuickBooks), interactive e-learning platforms, and data analysis tools can enhance students’ technical skills and stimulate critical thinking through realistic financial scenario simulations. This quantitative study employs the Integrative Digital Competence Assessment (IDCA) model, which encompasses technological, cognitive, and ethical dimensions, with data collected from 287 students through a questionnaire based on the IDCA constructs. Based on descriptive analysis, most respondents were students in semesters 2 (45.3%) and 4 (39.0%) of the Diploma in Accounting program (73.9%), with 96.2% having experience using technology in learning. Analysis of digital competence using the IDCA model showed the highest achievement in the ethical dimension (mean=4.25, SD=0.51), followed by the cognitive dimension (mean=3.86, SD=0.58) and technology (mean=3.54, SD=0.60). The results of Spearman correlation analysis revealed a weak and non-significant relationship between digital competence and academic performance (r=0.044, p=0.460). The results show that all factors studied were at a high level and had significant relationships with students’ academic performance, thus emphasizing the importance of integrating digital technology into the accounting curriculum to ensure graduates are better prepared to meet current industry requirements. These findings also suggest that other factors such as teaching methods, student motivation, or basic accounting skills may have a greater influence on academic achievement than digital competence alone.
The Relationship Between Digital Competence and Facilities with Digital Efficacy of Lecturers in Teaching Engineering Subjects
Lecturers must not only be familiar with technology but also be proficient in applying digital tools in teaching. However, previous studies show that the knowledge level among engineering lecturers regarding Building Information Modelling (BIM) requires improvement in both awareness and competency in using this technology effectively. This deficiency in digital skills can negatively impact the overall effectiveness of teaching and learning (T&L), potentially leading to a decrease in lecturers' confidence and a subsequent reduction in the quality of education and student performance. This study aims to identify the level of digital competency and the facilities provided by the institution, as well as to assess the digital efficacy of lecturers using digital technology in teaching engineering subjects. Additionally, this study aims to identify the relationship between digital competency and the provided facilities with the digital efficacy of lecturers. This survey-based study uses a quantitative approach, and a total of 83 respondents provided feedback through a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the level of digital competency of lecturers, the level of facilities, and the digital efficacy of lecturers. Pearson correlation analysis was used to observe the relationship between digital competency and facilities with the digital efficacy of lecturers. The findings show that the level of digital competency of lecturers is high with a mean score of M=4.14 and SD=0.40, meaning they can effectively integrate digital resources into teaching strategies and use diverse channels to communicate with students. The level of facilities is also high with a mean score of M=4.12 and SD=0.54, indicating that the institution provides adequate infrastructure, such as digital systems and support staff, that successfully encourages technological use. Finally, the level of digital efficacy is high with a mean score of M=4.14 and SD=0.56, which translates to lecturers feeling comfortable and confident in their ability to provide immediate feedback and adapt to various digital teaching situations. The study findings from the Pearson correlation test show a significant relationship between digital competency and facilities with the digital efficacy of lecturers, with Pearson correlation coefficients of r=0.77 and r=0.71, respectively. In conclusion, engineering lecturers at the studied institution possess a high level of digital competency, which is crucial because it enables them to effectively integrate digital resources into teaching strategies and use diverse digital channels to collaborate with students and colleagues. Specifically, this mastery allows lecturers to foster innovative talent and utilize industry-standard tools like MATLAB to enhance the quality of engineering education. The implication of this study is that by fostering such competencies alongside adequate institutional facilities, universities can significantly enhance lecturers' digital efficacy, thereby ensuring a high-quality, resilient learning environment that meets the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Relating Career Orientation to Electrical and Electronics Technology Education Students’ Interest in and Attitude towards Technical Skill Acquisition in Southwest Nigeria
In order to address the problem of graduates of skill-based programs joining the ranks of the unemployed due to a lack of necessary skills for employment or entrepreneurship, this study explored the relationship among Electrical and Electronics Technology Education students’ career orientation, interest, and attitude towards technical skill acquisition in universities in Southwest Nigeria. The study utilized a survey research design and collected data through a structured questionnaire. All 92 Electrical and Electronics Technology Education students in universities in Southwest Nigeria were purposively selected to participate in the study. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation, t-test, and linear regression. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between career orientation and students’ interest and attitude towards technical skill acquisition. Also, there was no significant gender differences in students’ career orientation. Furthermore, career orientation significantly influenced students’ interest, and students’ interest had a significant effect on their attitude towards skill acquisition. The findings suggest the importance of providing qualitative career orientation programs to enhance students’ interest in and attitudes towards skill acquisition. The study concludes by recommending the consistent organization of career orientation programs, regular assessment of students’ interests, and positive reinforcement of students’ attitudes to improve skill acquisition in vocational programs.
Students’ Perception of the Effects, Satisfaction, and Challenges of Technology-Enabled Active Learning (TEAL)
This study was conducted to explore students’ perceptions of the use of Technology-Enabled Active Learning (TEAL) in terms of its effects, satisfaction, and challenges in teaching and learning at the Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to identify students' perceptions regarding the effects of TEAL implementation, their satisfaction throughout the learning process using this approach, and the challenges encountered. Additionally, the study aimed to examine whether there were differences in perceptions based on gender across these three aspects. This study employed a quantitative survey design, and data were collected through a questionnaire, which was validated by experts and tested for reliability, yielding a Cronbach’s Alpha value above 0.8. The sample consisted of 287 undergraduate students from 14 academic programs at FPTV, selected using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) to address the three research questions and the Mann-Whitney U test to examine gender-based differences. The findings revealed that students’ perceptions of the effects of TEAL were high (mean = 4.45), as were their satisfaction levels (mean = 4.39), while perceived challenges were moderate (mean = 3.56). Inferential analysis showed that there were no significant differences between male and female students in terms of their perceptions of the effects, satisfaction, and challenges associated with TEAL. The implications of this study suggest that TEAL has the potential to enhance student engagement, understanding, and overall learning satisfaction if implemented systematically and holistically. Therefore, it is recommended that the faculty strengthen training related to technology use for both lecturers and students, improve technological infrastructure, and restructure instructional strategies to create a more interactive and conducive learning environment. These efforts would enable the full optimisation of technology-enabled active learning in the context of higher education.
Technology-enabled active learning (TEAL)
Teaching & Learning PTV in the Field Specialization
Development of a Chef Uniform Ethics Learning Kit Using Augmented Reality (AR) for Hearing Impaired Students in Polytechnics
Hearing-impaired students face difficulties in understanding the ethics of wearing the chef uniform due to limited communication, lack of standardized sign language terms, and insufficient interactive teaching aids. These challenges reduce their understanding and motivation in learning, highlighting the need for more visual and engaging learning tools. The purpose of this study is to develop a chef uniform ethics learning kit using Augmented Reality (AR) for hearing-impaired students, with a focus on enhancing their visualization, understanding, and motivation through a more interactive and accessible learning experience. The study employs a Design and Development Research (DDR) approach and uses the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model as the instructional design framework. The sample consists of 10 hearing-impaired students enrolled in their second semester of the “Sijil Khas Operasi Katering” program at Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan (PIS), Johor. The findings indicate that the use of the AR-assisted learning kit significantly improves the visualization, understanding, and motivation of hearing-impaired students in understanding chef uniform ethics. The levels of visualization, understanding, and motivation of hearing-impaired students demonstrated high achievements after using the AR-assisted learning kit. Additionally, no significant differences were found between male and female hearing-impaired students, suggesting that the AR-assisted chef uniform ethics learning kit benefits all hearing-impaired students equally, regardless of gender. The results of this study highlight the potential of AR in supporting inclusive education and improving learning outcomes for students with special needs, offering an innovative approach for future educational tools in vocational programs. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the positive impact of AR in creating an inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environment for hearing-impaired students, in alignment with the goals of inclusive education in Malaysia.
Learning Kit, Augmented Reality, Visualization, Understanding, Motivation, Hearing Impaired Students
Copyright (c) 2025 Online Journal for TVET Practitioners https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Competency Levels of Construction Technology Lecturers and Their Implementation of Outcome Based Continuous Assessment in Malaysian Vocational Colleges
The implementation of continuous assessment in Malaysia’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system continues to show varied practices and misalignment with the core principles of Outcome Based Education (OBE), despite its mandate as an institutional requirement. Previous studies have highlighted that many lecturers face challenges in translating theoretical knowledge into authentic learning outcome based assessments. However, there remains a lack of empirical studies that systematically evaluate lecturers’ competency in implementing continuous assessment based on OBE, particularly in the context of the Construction Technology program in Vocational Colleges. Therefore, this study aims to examine the competency levels of Construction Technology lecturers in implementing continuous assessment based on OBE at Malaysian Vocational Colleges. The study focuses on three core competency constructs namely knowledge, skills and attitude, and investigates the relationship between competency levels and teaching experience. This quantitative survey involved a questionnaire administered to 151 lecturers from 44 Vocational Colleges across five main zones in Malaysia. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27, incorporating descriptive statistics (percentage, mean) and inferential analysis (Pearson Correlation). Findings revealed that knowledge (M = 4.14) and attitude (M = 4.49) levels were high, while skill levels were moderately high (M = 3.86). The correlation analysis also indicated a statistically significant but very weak relationship between teaching experience and competency level (r = 0.163), suggesting that experience alone does not guarantee proficiency in OBE based assessment practices. This study contributes to the enhancement of competency theory in the TVET context by proposing the development of contextual and hands-on assessment modules. The implications of this study support the development of a community of practice among educators, the strengthening of professional training strategies and the refinement of institutional competency monitoring policies.
Preliminary Assessment of TVET Integration in Early Preschool Science Education Through The Farm-to-Table Approach
Planting seeds in young minds goes beyond textbooks, it thrives in soil, sunlight, and hands-on experience. This study explores the effectiveness of the Farm-to-Table approach in enhancing preschoolers’ understanding of agriculture through experiential learning aligned with the Early Science (SA 3.4) curriculum and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) principles. Using a mixed-methods design, 30 preschool children aged 5–6 were assessed through pre- and post-assessment, structured observations, interviews, and task-based evaluations. Results showed a significant increase in post-assessment scores from a mean of 52.00 to 76.83 (t = –14.02, p = 0.008), indicating a 47.7% improvement in agricultural knowledge. Memory reinforcement also rose by 19.18% (t = 8.03, p < 0.001), suggesting enhanced retention and understanding. Furthermore, 90% of the students demonstrated measurable improvements in fine and gross motor skills, as confirmed by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test results (Z = –4.10 and –4.21, p < 0.001). Additionally, 85% showed improved classroom collaboration, communication, and teamwork during activities. These findings confirm that the Farm-to-Table approach, when combined with gamification and technical elements, fosters cognitive, physical, and social development. By bridging theoretical knowledge with real-world experiences, this approach not only supports curriculum goals but also prepares children with essential life skills, setting a strong foundation for lifelong learning and holistic growth.
Digital Competency Among Technical & Vocational Education Undergraduate Students
The rapid development of digital technology has driven the need for digitalization across various sectors, including education. In Malaysia, digital competence has become a vital attribute for graduates to meet the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In response, the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia has implemented initiatives to equip graduates with relevant digital skills. This study aims to assess the level of digital competence among undergraduate students at the Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), and to examine differences based on gender and programme of study. A quantitative survey was conducted with 344 students, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics via SPSS. The findings indicate that most students demonstrate an advanced level of digital competence. The study provides insights that can help students and the faculty strengthen digital skills to enhance graduate employability.
Optimizing Instruction in Air Conditioning Technology: A VAK Learning Styles Perspective in Malaysia TVET
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) refers to technology-focused education in Malaysia. TVET emphasizes skill-based education programs to meet industrial needs, with air conditioning technology being a prominent area of focus within TVET. Air conditioning is a technology that controls the temperature and humidity of the air in a particular area. Aviation maintenance students at a TVET university must study air conditioning and cabin pressure. This topic is essential for ensuring the safety and comfort of passengers while traveling by air. Some methods of transmitting knowledge about inaccessible parts of the aircraft are ineffective, resulting in a lack of engagement and comprehension among students. The study examines the insufficient teaching resources for Module 11 on turbine airplane aerodynamics, structure, and systems, particularly focusing on the air conditioning and cabin pressure subtopic at a Malaysian polytechnic. This study employs the product design and development research (DDR) technique. The researcher concentrated on creating an instructional teaching board for the educational process through a quantitative approach. The concept is rooted in Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles, aiming to enhance learning experiences for students and teachers. The research adheres to the ADDIE instructional design technique, progressing through analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. Three experts evaluated a questionnaire based on specific predetermined criteria for this research. They all concurred that the teaching board paradigm is effective as a teaching tool. The aircraft air conditioning basic cycle model is anticipated to significantly enhance the teaching and learning process.
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
Readiness of Green Skill Implementation among Welding Program Students at Public Skill Training Center
In recent years, green skills have begun to receive significant attention and are increasingly taken seriously by the public, driven by the rapid advancement of green technologies globally, including in Malaysia. In response to this trend, the present study was conducted to assess the awareness and readiness to implement green skills among students enrolled in the Welding Technology Program at a Public Skills Training Center (ILKA) in Batu Pahat. A total of 101 Welding Technology Program students participated in the study. Descriptive analysis, including mean and standard deviation, was employed to analyze the data. The reliability coefficient for the research instrument was high, α = 0.94. Overall, the findings indicate a highly encouraging level of awareness of green skills among the students, with the majority demonstrating a strong personal awareness of green skill implementation at ILKA. In terms of knowledge, the level of implementation of green skills was also positive, as most respondents agreed with the items assessing their understanding of green concepts. Similarly, students showed favorable attitudes toward green skills, further reinforcing their readiness to adopt environmentally responsible practices. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that welding students at the ILKA exhibit a commendable level of readiness to implement green skills, both in knowledge and attitude, reflecting their potential to contribute effectively to the green industry.
The Mediating Role of Behavioural Intention in the Relationship between Digital Literacy and Technology Acceptance: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Behavioural Intention (BI) has been widely acknowledged as a critical determinant of technology acceptance. However, the BI as a mediating role between Digital Literacy Skills (DLS) and Digital Technology Acceptance (DTA) remains underexplored, particularly in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) environments. This study investigates how BI mediates the relationship between students' DLS, conceptualised using the DigComp framework, and the DTA, framed within the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A survey of 490 through stratified random sampling with two stage cluster within Malaysian TVET students represented by Politeknik Malaysia students was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 4.0. The research instrument was adapted from established scales and validated through five expert review and pilot testing (n=30, Cronbach's Alpha > 0.7). The Higher-Order Construct (HOC) model analysis utilised a type 1: reflective-reflective disjoint two-stage approach. The constructs possess excellent internal consistency, as all Composite Reliability (CR) values for Lower Order Construct (LOC) and HOC are well above the 0.70 threshold, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold, indicating strong internal consistency for the higher-order constructs. Results from the mediation analysis confirmed that BI significantly mediates this relationship (β=0.708, t=12.124, p=0.000) in the HOC model analysis rather than in the LOC level. These findings provide empirical evidence of the motivational pathways driving technology acceptance in educational contexts. This study advances theoretical discourse by validating BI as a powerful mechanism linking DLS and DTA, offering practical insights for education practitioners aiming to foster positive attitudes and higher engagement with digital technologies among TVET learners.
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
Exploring The Relationship between Personal Factors and Digital Competency Using The DigComp Framework among Vocational College Students
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed the skills demanded by modern economies, prompting educational institutions to adapt accordingly. Within Malaysia’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system, digital competencies are now emphasized as essential components of employability and lifelong learning. This study investigates the relationship between personal factors and digital competency levels among students in a Vocational College in Johor, guided by the European Commission’s DigComp Framework. A quantitative survey was conducted among 182 students across diploma and certificate programs. The instrument, adapted from the DigComp Self-Assessment Tool (DigCompSAT), assessed five key digital dimensions: information and data literacy, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, safety, and problem solving. Correlational analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between personal factors, namely, access to ICT resources and participation in ICT-related training, and students’ digital competence levels. The findings suggest that individual exposure to digital environments outside formal education contributes meaningfully to students’ readiness for digitally mediated work contexts. The study highlights the need for enhanced access to digital infrastructure and targeted skills training as part of institutional strategies to strengthen digital readiness among vocational learners. These findings carry important implications for curriculum developers, TVET policymakers, and institutional leadership, who are responsible for ensuring that graduate competencies remain responsive to the dynamic requirements of the digital economy. Specifically, the integration of structured digital skills training, equitable access to digital infrastructure, and alignment of learning outcomes with the Malaysian Qualification Framework for digital competency should be prioritized to better prepare students for the realities of a technology-driven workforce.
Tahap Pengetahuan Membina Item Ujian dalam Kalangan Pensyarah TVET
Malay: Walaupun pembinaan item ujian adalah aspek penting dalam menilai keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran di institusi pengajian tinggi, masih terdapat pendidik yang kurang menguasai kemahiran membina item ujian yang selaras dengan objektif pembelajaran. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap pengetahuan membina item ujian dalam kalangan pensyarah di Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal dan Vokasional (FPTV) serta mengkaji hubungan antara tahap pengetahuan tersebut dengan pengalaman mengajar dan perbezaan dengan kelayakan ikhtisas pendidikan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan menggunakan kaedah tinjauan melalui borang soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada pensyarah FPTV. Responden dipilih melalui kaedah persampelan rawak, yang terdiri daripada pensyarah dengan dan tanpa ikhtisas pendidikan. Seramai 37 pensyarah telah menjawab borang soal selidik yang telah diedarkan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap pengetahuan membina item ujian dalam kalangan pensyarah FPTV adalah tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengalaman mengajar dengan tahap pengetahuan membina item ujian. Selain itu, kajian ini juga mendapati tiada perbezaan yang signifikan dalam tahap pengetahuan membina item ujian antara pensyarah yang mempunyai ikhtisas pendidikan dan yang tidak mempunyai ikhtisas pendidikan. Kesimpulannya, walaupun tahap pengetahuan membina item ujian adalah tinggi dalam kalangan pensyarah FPTV, pengalaman mengajar dan kelayakan ikhtisas pendidikan tidak memainkan peranan yang signifikan. Implikasi daripada kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa latihan berterusan dalam pembinaan item ujian adalah penting untuk semua pensyarah, tanpa mengira latar belakang pendidikan mereka, bagi memastikan kualiti penilaian yang konsisten dan berkesan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. English: The construction of test items is an important aspect in evaluating the success of teaching and learning at the higher education level. This study aims to identify the level of knowledge of building test items among lecturers at the Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV) as well as examine the relationship between the level of knowledge and teaching experience and differences with educational specialist qualifications. This study uses a quantitative approach and uses a survey method through a questionnaire distributed to FPTV lecturers. Respondents were selected through a random sampling method, consisting of lecturers with and without educational specialization. A total of 37 lecturers have answered the questionnaire that has been distributed. The results of the study show that the level of knowledge of constructing test items among FPTV lecturers is high. However, there is no significant relationship between teaching experience and the level of knowledge of constructing test items. In addition, this study also found no significant difference in the level of knowledge of constructing test items between lecturers who have an education specialization and those who do not have an education specialization. In conclusion, although the level of knowledge of constructing test items is high among FPTV lecturers, teaching experience and educational qualifications do not play a significant role. Implications from this study suggest that ongoing training in the construction of test items is important for all lecturers, regardless of their educational background, to ensure consistent and effective assessment quality in teaching and learning.
Faktor Peribadi dan Persekitaran yang Mempengaruhi Pelajar Kolej Komuniti Meneruskan Kerjaya dalam Bidang Pertanian
Malay: Kekurangan tenaga pekerja mahir dalam sektor pertanian akan menjadi masalah sekiranya jumlah kemasukan pelajar baharu ke kolej pertanian yang semakin menurun tidak dibendung. Pelbagai faktor seperti persepsi kurang baik terhadap sektor pertanian menyebabkan pelajar tidak berminat untuk menceburi bidang ini. Maka, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyertaan pelajar kolej komuniti dalam meneruskan kerjaya dalam bidang pertanian. 80 orang mahasiswa daripada Kolej Komuniti Jerantut, Kolej Komuniti Bera, Kolej Komuniti Tambunan dan Kolej Komuniti Rembau telah menjadi responden dalam kajian ini. Borang soal selidik diedarkan secara dalam talian (Google Forms) melalui wakil institusi. Data telah dianalisis secara deskriptif, skewness, korelasi dan regrasi dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 27.0. Secara keseluruhan, hasil kajian mendapati faktor peribadi dan faktor persekitaran mempunyai hubung kait yang signifikan dengan tahap penyertaan pelajar dalam meneruskan kerjaya dalam bidang pertanian dan elemen minat merupakan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi pelajar dalam menyertai bidang pertanian. English: The shortage of skilled labour in the agricultural sector will become a problem if the decline in new student enrollment in colleges is not curbed. Various factors, such as negative perceptions of the agricultural sector, cause students to lose interest in pursuing this field. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors that influence the participation of community college students in continuing their careers in agriculture. Eighty students from Jerantut Community College, Bera Community College, Tambunan Community College and Rembau Community College were respondents in this study. Questionnaires were distributed online (Google Forms) through institutional representatives. Data were analyzed descriptively, using skewness tests, correlations and regressions using SPSS version 27.0. Overall, the results of the study found that personal factors and environmental factors have a significant relationship with the level of student participation in continuing their careers in agriculture, and the element of interest is the factor that most influence students in participating in the agricultural field.
Readiness and Openness to Adapt Technology in the Field of Agricultural Mechanization According to Student Perception
Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) has been outlined as one of the 14 key drivers of change in the 12th Malaysia Plan (RMK-12). Great steps have been taken to reform TVET governance, promote TVET with a new identity and improve the quality of TVET programs. In line with efforts to strengthen TVET, this study was conducted to identify the level of readiness and openness of students in the field of Agro Mechanization Technology at Malaysian Vocational Colleges. Survey research design using a quantitative approach through questionnaires in the form of Google Forms and questionnaires. Mean descriptive analysis was conducted to examine the level of readiness and openness of students in the field of Agro Mechanization Technology at Vocational Colleges. Pearson's correlation inference analysis was also conducted to see the relationship between readiness and openness of students in the field of Agro Mechanization Technology and also in terms of gender. The findings of the study show that the level of readiness and openness of students in the field of Agro Mechanization Technology at Vocational Colleges are at a high level. The analysis also found that there is also a significant relationship between readiness and openness of students in the field of Agro Mechanization Technology and also in terms of gender. The implications of this study provide useful information to improve TVET education and development, especially in the field of agriculture. As a suggestion for further research, it is suggested that more in-depth research be carried out to understand the factors that affect the level of readiness and openness of students and how these factors can be optimized to improve the quality of vocational teaching and learning. Overall, this study plays a role in supporting initiatives and changes in vocational education, on par with the goals set in RMK-12 to improve the efficiency of TVET in Malaysia.
cognitive style 1, field dependence/independence 2, problem solving skills 3, final year project 4
Transfer of Learning in Work-Based Learning Approach for Bachelor of Technology Program
This study examines the transfer of learning in the Work-Based Learning (WBL) approach among Bachelor of Technology (BTech) program graduates at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). This study examines the relationship between trainee characteristics, training design, work environment, and virtual learning space with the effectiveness of learning transfer. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and statistically analyzed. The findings showed that the level of learning transfer was at a moderate level (Mean = 3.584), with virtual learning space recording the highest mean (Mean = 3.764), followed by trainee characteristics (Mean = 3.538), training design (Mean = 3.514), and work environment (Mean = 3.494). These results emphasize the importance of digital interaction and social engagement in facilitating learning transfer. This study recommends improvements in the design of WBL programs as well as strengthening university-industry collaboration to increase the employability of graduates.
technical and vocational education and training
Pengaruh Grit Melalui Aktiviti Fizikal Terhadap Pembangunan Kemahiran Insaniah
Malay: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti pengaruh grit melalui aktiviti fizikal terhadap pembangunan kemahiran insaniah dalam kalangan pelajar atlet di institusi Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET). Metodologi kajian dengan mengaplikasikan reka bentuk kajian tinjauan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dilaksanakan bagi kajian ini. Instrumen Grit Pendidikan Jasmani (Grit-PE) yang merangkumi empat elemen: minat dalam aktiviti fizikal (MAF), usaha dalam aktiviti fizikal (UAF), minat dalam akademik (MAK), dan usaha dalam akademik (UAK) digunakan untuk mengukur pembangunan kemahiran insaniah pelajar dari institusi TVET melalui penglibatan mereka dalam aktiviti fizikal. Sebanyak 110 pelajar atlet dari institusi TVET iaitu pelajar Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia menyempurnakan instrumen yang telah diedarkan. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahawa tahap grit pelajar berserta elemennya berada pada tahap yang tinggi iaitu Grit-PE (M=5.70, SD=0.82), MAF (M=5.98, SD=0.85), UAF (M=5.62, SD=0.95), MAK (M=5.58, SD=0.96), dan UAK (M=5.62, SD=0.95). Selain itu, terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara setiap elemen Grit-PE (MAF, UAF, MAK, UAK) dengan kemahiran insaniah (r=0.75, r=0.65, r=0.66, r=0.65) dengan nilai yang signifikan p<0.05. Kesimpulannya, grit dalam penyertaan aktiviti fizikal bukan sahaja membantu individu mengekalkan semangat dan ketekunan dalam mencapai matlamat jangka panjang, malah turut memberi pengaruh positif terhadap pembangunan kemahiran insaniah dalam diri bagi memenuhi tuntutan industri pada masa kini. English: This study aims to identify the influence of grit through physical activity on the development of soft skills among student-athletes in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions. The research methodology applies a survey research design using a quantitative approach. The Physical Education Grit (Grit-PE) instrument, which encompasses four elements: interest in physical activity (MAF), effort in physical activity (UAF), interest in academics (MAK), and effort in academics (UAK), was utilized to measure the soft skill development of TVET students through their involvement in physical activity. A total of 110 student-athletes from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, a TVET-based institution, completed the distributed instruments. Descriptive analysis results indicate that the students' grit levels and their respective elements are high which are Grit-PE (M=5.70, SD=0.82), MAF (M=5.98, SD=0.85), UAF (M=5.62, SD=0.95), MAK (M=5.58, SD=0.96), dan UAK (M=5.62, SD=0.95). Furthermore, there are strong relationships between each Grit-PE element and soft skills (r=0.75, r=0.65, r=0.66, r=0.65) with significant values of p <0.05. In conclusion, grit in physical activity participation not only helps individuals maintain passion and perseverance in achieving long-term goals but also positively influences the development of soft skills to meet current industry demands.
Kesediaan Institusi TVET Ke Arah Penggunaan Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan Dalam Era Digital
Malay: Revolusi Perindustrian 4.0 dan pandemik COVID-19 telah mempercepatkan peralihan ke arah pendidikan digital, khususnya dalam Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET). Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) memainkan peranan penting dalam meningkatkan fleksibiliti, keberkesanan, dan hasil pembelajaran dalam proses pendigitalan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti tahap kesediaan institusi TVET di Malaysia terhadap penerimaan dan pengintegrasian teknologi AI, antara pelajar dan staf pentadbiran, serta mengenal pasti perbezaan kesediaan antara kedua-dua kumpulan dalam konteks pendidikan era digital. Kajian ini menggunakan rekabentuk kajian tinjauan dengan mengadaptasi model kesediaan teknologi AI yang merangkumi tujuh (7) dimensi utama: pekerja dan budaya, pengurusan teknologi, tadbir urus organisasi dan kepimpinan, strategi, infrastruktur, pengurusan pengetahuan dan maklumat, serta keselamatan. Data dikumpulkan melalui soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada pelajar dan staf pentadbiran di Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). Seramai 460 responden terlibat, terdiri daripada 392 pelajar sarjana muda dan 68 staf pentadbiran daripada enam (6) buah fakulti di UTHM. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap kesediaan yang tinggi di kalangan pelajar dan staf pentadbiran, walaupun terdapat perbezaan dalam aspek tertentu seperti literasi teknologi, strategi tangkas, dan pelaburan teknologi. Pelajar lebih memberi tumpuan kepada keberhasilan teknologi, manakala staf pentadbiran lebih menekankan strategi jangka panjang dan keselamatan. Kajian ini turut mengenal pasti cabaran seperti kekurangan infrastruktur, pemahaman terhadap strategi, dan kurangnya pendedahan teknologi.Implikasi teori dan praktikal dicadangkan, termasuk penyediaan latihan teknologi, pelaburan dalam infrastruktur, dan pengukuhan kerjasama industri untuk memastikan keberkesanan pengintegrasian AI dalam pendidikan. Penemuan kajian memberikan panduan penting untuk memperkukuhkan transformasi digital di institusi TVET demi mencapai matlamat Dasar TVET Negara 2030. English: The Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the transition to digital education, especially for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). In this age of fast digitalization, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is critical for increasing flexibility, effectiveness, and learning outcomes. This research aims to evaluate Malaysian TVET institutions' preparedness to embrace and integrate AI, analyzing both students and administrative personnel and identifying any disparities in this digital era. We designed a poll based on an AI readiness model with seven major dimensions: workforce and culture, technology management, organizational governance and leadership, strategy, infrastructure, knowledge and information management, and security. Data was gathered from 460 respondents (392 undergraduate students and 68 administrative personnel) from six faculties at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The findings reveal that both groups are highly prepared, yet distinct differences emerged in areas like as technical literacy, flexible methods, and technology investment. Students were particularly interested in the benefits of technology, whilst staff were more concerned with long-term strategy and security. Challenges noted include a lack of infrastructure, a limited understanding of tactics, and insufficient exposure to technology. We suggest theoretical and practical solutions, such as improved technological training, more infrastructure investment, and stronger industrial relationships, to guarantee that AI is properly integrated into education. These findings provide critical insight for furthering digital transformation in TVET institutions, helping them accomplish the objectives of the National. These findings offer crucial guidance for advancing digital transformation in TVET institutions, helping them achieve the objectives of the National TVET Policy 2030.
Exploring Data-Driven Culture in The Construction Industry: Insights from Industry Practitioners
In previous studies, attributes, sub-attributes and indicators of data driven culture has been studied within the organizations specifically for the construction industry. Nevertheless, there has been no further study conducted on the perspective of construction industry personnels about their viewpoint on the indicators associated with a data-driven culture. Thus, the aim of this research is to cover the gap of data by identifying “perspectives” of industry practitioners on data driven culture in the construction industry. The study started by using Systematic Literature Review (SLR) as a method of literature study, then obtaining validation from 18 practitioners from construction industry analysed by using thematic analysis, and Relative Importance Index (RII). The highest RII value recorded based on each sub-attributes listed are: D1 – knowledge and expertise, ID3 – availability of fund, C4 – competency, U7 – building model exploration, P1 – register based statistics, P3 – information extraction and P8 – control strategy. The finding of this study benefit construction industry stakeholders to become more skilled, cooperative and dynamic through the documented acknowledgment of their perspective as practitioners in digital construction as emphasized in Malaysian Digital Construction and Industry 4.0 Roadmap 2020-2025.
Exploring Sustainable Initiatives for Campus Operations at the University of Technology Sarawak
Sustainable initiatives are crucial for addressing environmental challenges and promoting development. Sustainability is becoming a top priority for educational institutions worldwide, with the higher education sector constantly striving to incorporate environmentally friendly practices into its operations. However, more information about the current sustainable initiatives at the University of Technology Sarawak (UTS) is required. Hence, this research aims to investigate UTS's sustainability initiatives, focusing on campus operations. This research adopted a qualitative approach to investigate sustainable initiatives at the University of Technology Sarawak (UTS). Using a case study method, the study provided an in-depth analysis of sustainable practices across the campus's physical and built environments. Data were collected through campus site inventories from the Maintenance Facilities and Security Department, UTS, and site analyses, which documented and evaluated various operational aspects. The findings identified eight critical areas for achieving sustainable campus operations: buildings, air and climate, energy, food, grounds, transportation, waste management, and water sustainability. The sustainability initiatives implemented by UTS have successfully mitigated its adverse environmental effects and fostered a widespread culture of sustainability across the institution. These notable discoveries have generated a surge of interest from other higher education institutions, motivating them to contemplate and adopt equally extensive, campus-wide strategies that may significantly enhance their sustainability endeavors.
A Holistic Review of Sustainable Housing Attributes
This paper conducts a holistic review of studies on sustainable housing, focusing on the holistic attributes that will impact the sustainable house value as a whole. By reviewing 18 articles on sustainable house previous research, this paper identifies and examines key criteria for sustainable housing, derived from environmental, economic, social, and physical perspectives. The analysis of this study found 9 characteristics or attributes that consist of Environmental; Energy Efficiency (1), Water Efficiency (2), and Waste Management (3). For Economic; Job Opportunity (4) and Economic Facilities (5), while for Social Dimension it includes Security and Safety (6), Amenities and Infrastructure (7). The author also adds the Physical Dimension as an additional to simplify the adjudication for building condition, the attributes for this dimension are Building Layout and Design (8), and Building Materials (9). These criteria serve as a framework for assessing sustainable housing and offer a foundation for future studies aimed at adapting sustainable practices to evolving needs. The findings aim to assist in understanding how sustainable housing holistic attributes can be valued in the adjudication process.
Holistic attributes, sustainable house, sustainable house design technique, sustainable development parameters, sustainable house valuation
Building Safety Regulations in The Construction of Housing Projects
Building safety regulation was become the main issue in the construction industry because of the increased rate of death and injury among workers in the workplace. This research aims to identify effective safety compliance towards the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) by developers and consultants to minimise the risk in the construction of housing projects. The objective is to explore the importance of building safety regulations in the construction of housing projects. The interview session has been conducted among developers and consultants in the construction industry, which are currently involved in construction of housing projects. All the data collected were examined utilising theme analytic techniques. The study has identified that there were six (6) themes of impacts with non-compliance with safety regulations, (1) Financial penalties, (2) Loss of productivity, (3) Damage to the end loss of materials, plant, and equipment, (4) Time loss, (5) Endangering lives and (6) Industry disqualification. This findings will be able to determine the effects of non-compliance with safety regulation requirements in the construction of housing projects.
Motion Graphics as a Medium of Knowledge Transfer in Creating Awareness Campaign Towards River Pollution in Selangor
Situated in Southeast Asia, Malaysia is rich in natural resources including its extensive river systems. The river's delights serve as a mean for locals to engage in their daily routines. Nevertheless, the contamination of these waterways due to human activities poses significant threats to both human populations and wildlife. Selangor, one of the states in Malaysia, has a significant influence on the sustainability of rivers in the region due to its large population. Numerous initiatives were carried out to enhance public awareness about the importance of maintaining clean waterways. Given the effectiveness of motion graphics as a contemporary marketing tool, integrating it into awareness campaigns could prove beneficial. The aim of this study is to examine the cause and effect of river pollution in Selangor, the cause of motion graphics is not utilised as a knowledge transfer medium and the elements of motion graphics to communicate effectively. The methodology employed in this study is a mixed-method approach, incorporating a preliminary investigation, literature review, questionnaires, and document analysis. The significance of this project lies in its potential to increase public awareness in keeping rivers in Selangor clean through motion graphics.
Motion graphics, Knowledge transfer, River pollution, Selangor River
Ethical Improprieties During the Procurement Stage in The Malaysian Construction Industry
This paper examines critical ethical challenges in procurement within Malaysia's construction industry, focusing on issues like transparency lapses, bid rigging, bribery, and collusion. These unethical practices are attributed to weak systems, unclear ethical standards, and inadequate awareness of regulations, particularly in complex procurement processes. The study evaluates the determinants, consequences, and preventive measures for such violations, emphasizing the significant economic, reputational, and regulatory impacts. Data was collected from construction stakeholders, including developers, consultants, contractors, and government agencies, using a quantitative survey methodology. Results reveal that ineffective management, poor legislation, and weak governance are primary contributors to unethical behavior. Major consequences include a pervasive culture of bribery and corruption. Recommended preventive measures include strict penalties such as fines, suspensions, blacklisting, and enforcing severe legal actions like imprisonment to uphold integrity and transparency.
Integrating Emerging Technologies in Construction: Exploring Industry Awareness and Adoption
The construction industry is undergoing significant transformation due to the integration of emerging technologies. However, awareness and adoption of these technologies may be limited, preventing broader application and full potential. A lack of adequate knowledge hinders the industry's ability to harness these technologies for improving construction processes. This study aims to assess the awareness and adoption of emerging technologies among key players in the construction industry. By identifying which technologies are well-known and which remain unfamiliar, the research seeks to analyze the most prevalent and widely recognized emerging technologies in the construction industry. A quantitative research approach was employed, using a probability sampling technique. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed to participants within the construction industry, with 75 responses returned and analyzed. The data were summarized using nominal and interval scales and analyzed through frequency and descriptive analysis. The findings reveal significant variation in the awareness of emerging technologies among respondents. Technologies such as Drones, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are among the most recognized, reflecting higher levels of familiarity within the industry. Conversely, technologies like Blockchain and Digital Twin are less well-known, indicating a gap in awareness. Overall, the study finds that respondents' knowledge of emerging technologies is predominantly at a basic to average level, with limited advanced understanding. By focusing on increasing awareness of lesser-known technologies and enhancing overall technological literacy, the construction industry can better leverage emerging technologies to improve practices and performances.
Assessing Poverty and Unemployment in Sabah: The Role of Mobile Job Matching Platforms in Reducing Economic Disparities
Sabah, also called the Negeri di Bawah Bayu, is the second largest state in Malaysia, covering 72,500 square kilometres. Sabah is the world's third-largest island in northern Borneo (Press Release Re-Discovering Sabah, 2023). The Sulu Sea also encloses the state in the northeast, the Celebes Sea in the east, and the South China Sea in the west (Sabah Government Official Website, n.d.). Despite its vast population, the state has a high poverty rate. In order to achieve the research aim, which is to identify the reasons for the existence of a population with poverty in Sabah. Quantitative research design has been employed as the primary method to achieve the research objective. A set of online surveys has been conducted with 383 respondents from Kota Marudu to identify the poverty population and the reason for poverty in Sabah. Kota Marudu was chosen as the sampling of the research because it was recorded as the poorest city in Sabah (Chan, 2022; Azzeri et al., 2020). Therefore, the researcher also used Google Forms to analyse the data collected from the online survey. As the results revealed, Sabah has a high poverty rate, which is caused by several reasons: foreign immigration, inadequate infrastructure, and rural neglect. Undoubtedly, the unemployment rate has reached its peak figure, which has led users to use the job matching platform on mobile applications to reduce unemployment in Sabah. This study significantly helps to reduce poverty, offers a better standard of living, and influences Sabah's socioeconomic status.
Poverty, Unemployment, Job Matching Platform, Mobile Applications, Sabah.
Transforming TVET with AI: Economic Benefits of Technological Innovation in Education
TVET is indispensable for building up the skilled human capital which is vital for the competitiveness of the economy and enhancing social cohesion. This systematic review focuses on the adoption of AI in TVET to assess its potential to revolutionize the sector and contribute to economic development. The research includes identification of the key academic databases containing articles and papers relevant to the AI in TVET, and emphasis on the recent publications. This is in line with the key findings highlighted above in sections on; Personalisation in learning. Administrative automation in institutions, AI and Industry needs at TAFE Queensland and Nanyang Polytechnic institutions. The review finds that AI in TVET positively impacts employment prospects, alleviates costs, and fosters innovations, implying that coordinated partnerships and policies should be pursued to optimise the AI benefits and contribute to sustainable economic development.
The Role of Human Dignity Philosophy in TVET Student Representative Council
The philosophy of human dignity plays a vital role in shaping leadership within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, particularly in the context of Student Representative Councils (SRC). This conceptual paper explores how the integration of human dignity principles, enhances the effectiveness of SRC in TVET settings. Drawing on leadership theories and the challenges faced by young leaders, especially in terms of biases and limited authority, the paper examines how SRCs can foster ethical decision-making and student engagement by upholding human dignity. It also discusses the moderating influence of transformational leadership, emphasizing that leadership practices that inspire, challenge, and include all students can significantly improve the outcomes of human dignity-centered leadership. By embracing these principles, SRC can cultivate an environment where student voices are valued, and future leaders are prepared to engage ethically and inclusively in both academic and societal contexts.