Progress in Engineering Application and Technology
Progress in Engineering Application and Technology (PEAT) is an Open Access Periodical that focuses on publishing high quality article from conferences or research seminars in Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. PEAT will publish article from all important topics in the field of Engineering Application and Technology. The topic includes but not limited to the recent research trend and its technological advancement in Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, and Transportation Engineering Technology.
Real-Time IoT-Based Lecture Room Occupancy and Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System
A comfortable and healthy lecture room environment is essential for supporting student well-being and enhancing learning performance. However, manual monitoring of student attendance and indoor air quality is often inadequate. Unstable temperatures, poor ventilation, and elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels can negatively impact comfort, health, and energy efficiency. To address this issue, this project proposes an IoT-based system that continuously monitors student presence and key environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and CO₂ levels. The system provides a low-cost, automated solution that can be integrated into existing facility management tools. It uses an ESP32 microcontroller with PIR sensors, an SHT40 sensor for temperature and humidity, and an MQ135 sensor for gas detection. Real-time data is visualized through the Blynk mobile app and logged in Google Sheets for analysis. Target users include facility managers and university administrators seeking data-driven approaches to optimize indoor conditions. Two lecture rooms were monitored concurrently to evaluate performance. Results indicated that Bilik Kuliah 5 maintained acceptable environmental conditions, while Bilik Kuliah 6 exhibited higher temperatures and gas levels exceeding comfort thresholds. These findings highlight the system’s ability to identify areas needing improved ventilation. In conclusion, the system successfully achieved its objectives by promoting safer, healthier, and more energy-efficient learning environments. This project showcases the practical potential of IoT in improving educational facility management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Progress in Engineering Application and Technology
Automated Detection of Loose Palm Fruit for Quality Inspection
Palm oil plays a significant role in driving the global economy due to the versatile nature of its fruit, which has led to increasing demand worldwide. However, several processes such as quality inspection and documentation—are still performed manually. This project aims to enhance the effectiveness of quality inspection procedures. It addresses current limitations by implementing object detection and recognition methods to support the sorting process. The system utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve the efficiency of palm fruit quality evaluation. It is specifically designed to detect and classify loose palm fruits based on their ripeness level. The method used in creating the project is implementation of Huskylens that is used to detect and recognize the palm fruit ripeness level by its colour. The project utilizes the Firebase console for documentation and control, while the ESP32 acts as the central processing unit. Results show that detection and recognizing accuracy could be influenced by the conveyor speed where accuracy percentage increases as conveyor speed decreases. The results show, at 22V the conveyor moves at 0.075 m/s, yielding an average accuracy of 70%. However, the project is constrained by the camera’s field of view and resolution, which may affect its object detection capability. Additionally, the detection speed depends on the processing capabilities of the microcontroller used. This system is intended to benefit small-scale entrepreneurs and organizations who require a reliable and affordable solution to improve their workflow efficiency.
Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Process Technology
Palm fruit, Firebase, ESP32, Huskylens, Object detection, Colour recognition, Artificial Intelligence
BND - BACHELOR OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION) WITH HONOURS
Deployment of Concept Design and Fabrication for Flood Rescue Boat Ladder
Flood disasters in Malaysia frequently challenge rescue teams during the extraction of victims, especially during boarding operations. This project presents the design and development of a flood rescue boat ladder aimed at enhancing safety and efficiency in flood emergencies. A survey conducted with the Fire and Rescue Department (JBPM) Pagoh provided key insights for the design requirements. Several design concepts were generated and evaluated using morphological analysis and the Pugh Controlled Convergence (PuCC) method. A scaled down prototype of the top rated design concept was developed using 3D printing with Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. The final design incorporated features for multifunctional use as a ladder, ramp, or bridge, addressing critical concerns such as portability, quick deployment, and user safety.
A Study of Rice Husk Ash on the Strength of Concrete
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is a crucial component in concrete however its manufacture results in high carbon emissions. This paper present the rice husk ash (RHA) potential as a partial replacement for 8%, 9%, 10%, 11% and 12% of cement. RHA contains high silica content which enhances its reactivity and makes it suitable for use in cement based materials. It aim to investigate the degree of workability and the compressive strength of concrete. The degree of workability was measured through the use of slump test and compressive strength test were determined by testing the concrete cubes after 7 and 28 days of curing. A total of 36 concrete cube were casted and tested to determine the compressive strength. The results showed the slump values ranged from 54mm(0% RHA) to 34mm(12% RHA) indicate that workability decreased consistently with increased RHA percentage. However, none of the RHA reached the targeted grade 25 strength of 25 Mpa after 28 days and the compressive strength of all RHA were found at 9% replacement. It is recommended to do better in processing of RHA into cement like particles and also design a new optimum proportion for future study.
Civil, Building, Infrastructure, and Environmental Management
Design and Development of Small-Scale Modular Needle Punching Mechanism
With the increasing demand for nonwoven textiles in industries such as automotive, healthcare and refining. There is a clear need for cost-effective and versatile technology. This study describes a compact small-scale modular needle punching mechanism for experimental use and low-volume manufacturing. The machine is sized (766 mm × 800 mm × 545 mm) with three motors and quick needle change, making it more practical and user-friendly. To evaluate and ensure the strength of the structural design for better durability, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used. The findings demonstrate the potential of this machine as a sustainable, cost-effective and adaptable alternative for nonwoven material processing.
Utilising Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) as Green Materials in Concrete
The rising accumulation of plastic waste, particularly Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), poses a significant environmental challenge due to its non-biodegradability and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. This research explores the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating PET as a sustainable additive in concrete mixes to enhance performance and promote environmental sustainability. The study aims to determine the optimal PET content and its effect on the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of concrete. Five mix designs were prepared with PET contents of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by total volume. Laboratory tests were conducted by British Standards (BS) to evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that the mix with a range of 0.5% to 1% PET achieved the best balance between mechanical strength and thermal insulation. The study concludes that incorporating PET at a range of 0.5% to 1.0% PET by volume in concrete is technically viable for non-structural and thermally efficient applications. It is recommended to explore surface treatments or hybrid materials to mitigate moisture ingress at higher PET contents. The findings support sustainable construction practices and contribute to circular economy efforts by valorising plastic waste into functional building materials.
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (BUILDING SERVICES) WITH HONOURS
Water Filtration Using Recycled Denim Fabrics for Daily Applications
This study investigates the use of three types of recycled denim fabrics coated with chitosan for household water filtration applications. Chitosan, a biopolymer known for its adsorption capabilities, was applied to enhance the removal of pollutants from raw water. Five layers of each denim type were stacked to form fabric filters. The filtration efficiency was assessed through turbidity and pH tests using river water as the test medium. Results showed that the chitosan-coated denim improved water clarity, with Denim 3 achieving 0 NTU turbidity and exhibiting no significant impact on pH. Although Denim 3 demonstrated high filtration efficiency, the filtration process occurred at a slower rate compared to other fabrics. These results indicate that the combination of chitosan coating on denim can be used as a cheap and sustainable option to treat small water volumes in a decent way, particularly in areas with limited access to clean water.
Performance of Bamboo Husk-Reinforced Cement Board as a Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Fibers
To promote ecologically friendly building methods, this study explores the partial substitution of cement board with bamboo husk, a plentiful and sustainable agricultural waste. Because of its low cost, inherent thermal insulating qualities, and potential to lessen cement's environmental impact, bamboo husk was chosen. Different percentages of bamboo husk treated with NaOH (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) were used to create cement boards, which were then allowed to cure for 28 days. Following ASTM C1185 and ASTM C177 standards, physical attributes such as thickness swelling, water absorption, and thermal conductivity were assessed. The findings indicated that the amount of bamboo husk had an impact on every property that was tested. All samples stayed below the 0.5% threshold, with the 2% husk sample exhibiting the least amount of thickness swelling (0.03%). Higher husk content resulted in a modest increase in water absorption, although it stayed within reasonable bounds. The best thermal insulation was found in the 4% husk sample (0.091 W/m·°C). Higher husk levels, however, occasionally resulted in decreased performance and increased porosity. The best balanced performance was obtained overall with a 2% bamboo husk composition, suggesting that it has the potential to be a sustainable addition for creating lightweight, environmentally friendly, and thermally efficient cement boards for non-structural uses.
Comparative Analysis using Revit BIM Between Traditional Malay House and Modern House in Natural Daylighting
This research examines how effectively natural lighting is utilized in Traditional Malay Houses in comparison to Modern Houses, focusing on the architectural characteristics that impact light distribution. The aim is to evaluate how these residences capture daylight, especially through different openings such as windows and doors. By employing lux meter measurements, Illuminance Analysis, and Daylight Factor simulations, data was collected from essential areas like living rooms and kitchens. The results indicate that Traditional Malay Houses considerably exceed Modern Houses regarding natural daylight levels, with average lux readings often surpassing 21 lux in spaces such as kitchens and prayer areas. In contrast, Modern Houses frequently recorded lux levels as low as 1 lux, attributed to design choices that restrict daylight entry. The findings illustrate that Traditional Malay Houses considerably excel compared to Modern Houses in attaining higher lux levels, primarily due to the design and materials of traditional windows and doors. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating traditional architectural features into modern designs to improve the use of natural light.
Study on Sinkhole Formation: A Comparative Analysis of Natural Vs Human-Induced Factors
This study presents a comparative analysis of sinkhole formation caused by natural and human-induced factors. It focuses on environmental impacts and examines the contribution of geological factors such as karst features, groundwater dissolution, and erosion, alongside anthropogenic triggers like urban development, groundwater extraction, and mining. A structured expert questionnaire was used to collect responses from professionals in geotechnical, environmental, and planning fields. Analysis using SPSS with Frequency Index and Mean Ranking revealed that while natural causes are foundational, human-induced activities significantly amplify the frequency and severity of sinkhole events, particularly in urban areas. The study recommends mandatory geotechnical investigations, better drainage design, and policy enforcement as key mitigation strategies. This paper highlights the need for sustainable land-use planning to reduce sinkhole risks effectively.
Performance Evaluation of Sludge – Added Clay Bricks
The papermaking industry produces a large amount of sludge through wastewater treatment processes, which has a significant impact on the environment if not managed properly. Conventional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are expensive and contribute to pollution and loss of valuable resources. Therefore, a sustainable approach is needed to manage this industrial waste. This study focuses on the potential reuse of paper industry sludge to produce clay bricks. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the suitability of sludge as an additive in bricks in terms of physical stability and environmental impact. The study included three main methods: characterization of sludge content in terms of moisture content and chemical composition, production of brick samples with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% sludge mixtures, and analysis of the mechanical performance and water absorption of the resulting bricks. The study showed that bricks with sludge content up to 15% met the MS 76:1972 standard regarding water absorption rate but not on compressive strength. SEM-EDX and additional colour tests also showed safe performance regarding structure and chemical effects. The sludge mixture helps reduce the weight of the bricks and improves their thermal insulation properties. In conclusion, the use of paper industry sludge in the production of clay bricks not only helps in sustainable industrial waste management but also has the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional building materials. This study contributes to the development of green building materials and promotes a circular economy in the construction industry.
Portable Residential Power Monitoring Distribution Box
The increasing adoption of renewable energy and rising electricity costs have heightened the need for affordable, user-friendly power monitoring solutions for residential consumers. Conventional power monitoring systems are often large, expensive, and devoid of remote accessibility and real-time data logging. The Internet of Things (IoT) is used in this project to provide a portable residential power monitoring distribution box with notification capability that fills these gaps by accurately monitoring power use. A NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller, SCT-013 current transformers, and a ZMPT101B AC voltage sensor are all integrated into the suggested system to measure electrical parameters in real time. A DS1307 data-logger shield is also included in the system to timestamp and locally record power data. Users may monitor their household's power use, trends in energy usage, and receive alerts of unusual usage on their smartphones thanks to these readings, which are instantly relayed over Wi-Fi to the Blynk application and shown on an LCD screen for instant feedback. The device's ability to measure current and voltage correctly within reasonable tolerances was shown during testing under various load circumstances. The system's dependability was confirmed by the small discrepancy between measured data and multimeter readings. Additionally, data was successfully sent and shown on the Blynk dashboard for both historical and real-time analysis. To sum up, home users may monitor power consumption, effectively regulate energy usage, and promote energy conservation with this portable monitoring box. This system may be expanded to monitor three-phase electricity in the future, and machine learning can be used to add predictive features for better energy management
Analysis of Innovative Gabion Wall Design with Geotextile Reinforcement and Dredged Marine Soil as Backfill Material via PLAXIS 2D
Gabion retaining walls are very important to stabilize slopes and fight against erosion; using DMS as backfill material is of key importance however, the performance is not as easy as in other materials, because of its low geotechnical properties, high water content and variable composition. Deformation of gabion wall systems DMS are studied using advanced PLAXIS 2D finite element simulations. The testing methodology included a series of extensive laboratory tests for the determination of DMS geotechnical properties and a numerical analysis of six different gabion wall arrangements, with bases from 1 to 5 meters in width. The research is leading to a new and improved form with geotextile reinforcement layers that increase the design's structural integrity. It is found that using the traditional arrangement of gabion wall, in which the horizontal length evolves totally 367.6 meters, the safety factors are smaller than 0.75, this imply that the stability of wall sections are poor in the practice. The best configuration which is encapsulated with geotextile reinforcement provides significant enhancements; also, maximum deformation is decreased to 0.80 meters, and the safety factor is increased to 1.54, and therefore the designed slope stabilizes in the end. These results confirm that it is valid that the strategic use of geotextiles has a marked effect on gabion wall performance for construction on problematic DMS backfill. From the perspective of geotechnical engineering practice, the work offers important implications by stating that adequate design optimization complemented by geosynthetic reinforced structure is an efficient way to solve those stability problems induced by weak foundation soil. This research helps promote the sustainable practice of construction through proposing a feasible way of using dredged materials in a retaining structure with economic benefit and enhanced engineering performance.
Optimization of Battery Storage Systems in Solar Energy Application
Malaysia's electrical grid is increasingly integrating renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, which, while environmentally friendly, introduce challenges due to their intermittent and unpredictable energy supply. This variability can compromise grid stability and reliability, creating an urgent need for solutions that effectively balance energy demand and supply. Battery storage systems (BSS) emerge as promising technologies for addressing these challenges by storing surplus energy generated during high renewable energy production periods and releasing it during peak demand. This project focuses on optimizing the utilization of BSS within Malaysia’s renewable energy grid to enhance energy efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure grid stability. The proposed optimization framework leverages advanced techniques, including genetic algorithms, linear programming, and machine learning, to determine optimal charging and discharging schedules. The study also considers critical battery parameters, such as capacity, charge/discharge rates, and degradation over time, to maximize the lifespan and performance of the systems. In addition to technical optimization, the project evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of deploying BSS, aiming to achieve substantial cost savings, improved integration of renewable resources, and a more resilient energy grid. Furthermore, the project explores implementing advanced battery management systems (BMS) to facilitate real-time monitoring and control of energy flows. The expected outcomes include a scalable and adaptable BSS framework supporting Malaysia’s renewable energy goals. This project provides a forward-thinking approach to advancing Malaysia’s energy sustainability by leveraging cutting-edge optimization strategies and innovative battery technologies. Ultimately, this proposal highlights a pathway for Malaysia to strengthen its commitment to clean energy, address grid challenges, and create a versatile and energy-efficient renewable energy landscape.
The Dirt Powered Fuel Cell (DPFC) project explores soil-based microbial fuel cells using electroactive microbes to generate electricity sustainably. Responding to the challenge of improving clean energy technology, the study investigates how electrode configurations (packed vs. planar) and materials (graphite, carbon cloth, aluminum mesh) impact performance. The objectives were to optimize electrode design for maximum electricity output and develop a system capable of powering a DC load. The methodology involved constructing three test chambers which are Chambers A, B, and C with varying materials and configurations, monitoring voltage, current density, and power density over four days. Quantitative findings revealed that Chamber C, with a planar electrode arrangement combining carbon cloth and aluminum mesh, achieved the highest metrics voltage of 602 mV, the current density of 2.95 mA/ and power density of 1,777 µW/. Finally, a series‑parallel assembly of 24 such fuel cells produced 8 V at 50 mA, sufficient to light a 5 V bulb and indicate practical viability. The study concludes that judicious selection of electrode materials and configurations substantially enhances DPFC output, demonstrating its promise as an eco-friendly small-scale energy source.
GIS-Based Assessment on the Need and Accessibility of Bus Stops at UTHM Pagoh Campus
The absence of bus stop shelters in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Pagoh Campus is being an issue that all students faced especially for bus users. This study addresses the critical issue of inadequate bus stop shelters which significantly impacts accessibility, comfort, and safety for students and other users. The absence of proper shelters exposes commuters to weather conditions like heavy rain and heat, negatively affecting their transportation experience. This problem becomes particularly acute during peak hours when passenger volumes surge dramatically. The research was conducted with three primary objectives: first, to evaluate current bus stop conditions; second, to analyze shelter demand based on weather challenges and user needs; and third, to map bus stop coordinates using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for improvement proposals. The study employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys with 511 student respondents, detailed field observations, and spatial analysis using GIS software. Findings revealed that 99% of respondents confirmed the lack of shelters at all bus stops, with Stops 1, 2, and 5 identified as most critical due to their high utilization rates. An overwhelming 98% of participants expressed an urgent need for shelter installation, additional seating, and clearer signage. GIS mapping successfully identified locations for shelter installations through spatial data analysis and user needs assessment. The study proposes medium-sized bus stop designs emphasizing accessibility, comfort, and weather resistance. These recommended improvements aim to enhance campus community welfare, support sustainable transportation systems, and serve as a model for other educational institutions. Implementation of these proposals aligns with UTHM's commitment to inclusive infrastructure development and sustainable campus practices.
Development of a Targeted Welding Point System for Robotic Trainers to Increase Automated Welding Precision
This study presents the development of a Targeted Welding Point System(TWPS) to aid in the precision and efficiency. The TWPS investigates how to reduce processing time while improving operational efficiency by addressing three challenges: robotic kinematic limits, environmental unpredictability, and inefficient path selection. Despite advancements in robotic automation, many educational settings still lack affordable and practical tools to train students effectively. trajectory optimization training and understanding robotic movement in angle-oriented environments limits student readiness for industrial automation deployment. In today's era, in the industrial field, whether an engineer or a machinist, both theoretical knowledge and practical skills are required. The objective of study addresses key challenges in robotic automation, such as inefficient trajectory planning and limited practical training tools in TVET environments. The proposed method involves testing motions at various angular arrangements using a programmable robotic arm, which mimics industrial welding processes. By examining time efficiency across angles (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°), the study shows how trajectory complexity affects system performance. Participants in the training displayed significant increases in control of accuracy. students took longer to complete the sequence of welding points at the beginning. By the final point, the average time decrease, indicating improved understanding and control of the robotic system. angles demand more joint reorientation and time, leading to reduced efficiency. Collaborating with industries helps us validate the TWPS in real manufacturing conditions, ensuring it works effectively in practical use.
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
Engineering Mechanical Technology (Manufacturing)
Towards Safer Rail Travel: A Study on CCTV Coverage and Utilization Onboard Trains
The increasing demand for safety and security in railway systems has led to the widespread adoption of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance. This project examines the effectiveness and optimization of CCTV surveillance coverage in railway environments, addressing the critical need for robust monitoring solutions in public transportation. The methodology encompasses a comprehensive approach that includes data collection through surveys, incident reports, and video footage analysis; the design of an optimized CCTV system utilizing advanced camera selection and placement strategies; and the implementation of real-time monitoring tools integrated with machine learning algorithms for enhanced anomaly detection. Performance evaluation metrics such as incident response times and crime rate reductions are established to assess the system's impact post-installation. Furthermore, a continuous improvement framework is proposed to ensure the system adapts to evolving security challenges and technological advancements. By systematically evaluating and optimizing CCTV coverage, this project aims to enhance passenger safety and bolster public confidence in railway travel, ultimately contributing to a more secure transportation infrastructure.
Development of Modular Arduino-Based Learning Kit for AC Motor Speed Control
This project presents an Arduino-based learning kit capable of teaching AC motor speed control,and real-time monitoring.This kit includes the Arduino microcontroller,motor drivers and sensors that measure speed,voltage,current and temperature.The users are able to use tools such as PWM and closed-loop feedback and continue to build upon their theoretical and practical knowledge.The learning kit includes a MATLAB to visualize the performance in real-time and the option to customize learning materials,allowing for unique curriculum designs.The modular nature of the learning kit is consistent with various learning curves.The learning kit suitable for learners at any point in education or training.The goal is to lessen the gap between the theory and practical sides of getting people invoved in control motor speed.
knowledge as described by university faculties
BNE - BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRICAL POWER) WITH HONOURS
Characterization of Oil Palm Trunk Composite for Application of Particle Board Using Urea-Formaldehyde as Binding Agent
This study investigates the development of sustainable particleboard from oil palm trunk (OPT) waste using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin as a binder. OPT fibers (2-4mm) were chemically treated with 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to enhance surface properties, then combined with UF resin at three different weight ratios (25:60, 25:65, and 25:70 OPT-to-UF). The composite mixtures were hot-pressed at 120°C under 5 MPa pressure for 30 minutes to form particleboards. Comprehensive testing revealed that increasing UF content significantly improved material properties, with the OPT25:70 formulation demonstrating optimal performance: highest density (1.20 g/cm³), lowest water absorption (40.44%), and superior mechanical strength (modulus of rupture: 412.87 MPa; modulus of elasticity: 62,339.21 MPa). The boards also showed improved dimensional stability, with thickness swelling decreasing to 27.50% for the highest resin content. These results confirm that properly processed OPT waste can produce particleboards meeting industrial standards, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional wood-based panels while effectively valorizing agricultural byproducts. The study provides important insights for sustainable material development in the wood composites industry.
Smart Pillow Alarm System with Heat and Vibration Features
This project is focused on an innovation of a Smart Pillow Alarm System, a wake-up device with sound, vibration as well as heat to ensure a comfortable yet efficient wake up. Utilizing ESP32 microcontroller, the system is highly versatile and offers innovative hardware and software to accommodate various users with very different sleeping patterns and for the hearing-impaired. The Smart Pillow Alarm System comprises of little vibrating motors, heating pads and a sound module which are integrated into the shape of a pillow so as to ensure comfort. The operating procedure allows the users to vary the intensity and the composition of these features, and thus, accomplish a flexible yet gentle waking scenario that cannot be addressed with a standard alarm clock. The changes are based upon feedback gathered from users of the site and successive testing on a variety of sleeper profiles. Through the combination of multi-modal stimuli, the system prevents stress and at the same time improves non stimulant wakefulness, giving a better early morning experience. By connecting the microcontroller technology with ergonomic design, this work shows how this system can revolutionize alarm devices for waking requirements today and in the future.
Thermal Comfort Study in Vibration and Noise Laboratory at UTHM Pagoh
Thermal comfort has a direct impact on people's health, well-being, and productivity. The purpose of this study is to assess thermal comfort in the Vibration and Noise Laboratory (MTGDK) UTHM Pagoh in response to student concerns regarding uncomfortably lecture situation. The objectives of this study are to identify and measure key thermal discomfort parameters and analyze the thermal comfort condition in laboratory. The method used to collect data in the MTGDK laboratory is physical measurement (air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and mean radiant temperature) and questionnaire survey. Thermal comfort parameters were analyzed and compared standard and guidelines. The collected data did not fully comply with the accuracy requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 55. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) from measurement value of 0.1, the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) was 5%. Additionally, values obtained using the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool value of PMV of -0.85 and a PPD of 20%, and through questionnaire survey yielded a PMV of +1.9 and a PPD of 71%. The analysis of pearson correlation shows that the relationship between PMV with parameter showed very weak linear correlation. These different results raise highlight important differences and show that the MTGDK laboratory was in a thermally uncomfortable state. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the thermal conditions in the laboratory do not comply with ASHRAE standards and improvements are needed, particularly in controlling indoor humidity and adjusting air-conditioning temperature, to enhance user satisfaction, and support the development of a sustainable and conducive learning environment.
A Study of Impact of Wheel and Track Wear on Train Swaying
Train swaying is a critical phenomenon affecting the safety, stability, and comfort of railway operations. This study investigated the influence of wheel and track wear on the severity of train swaying, focusing on the complex interactions between vehicle dynamics, rolling stock parameters, and environmental conditions. Utilizing a combination of literature analysis, expert consultation, and field measurements, including the use of motion tracking sensors, this research identified key variables contributing to lateral train instability. Results demonstrated that wheel flange wear and improper suspension characteristics were found to exhibit inconsistent swaying motion. The study highlighted the importance of coordinated maintenance strategies between track and rolling stock operators. The findings provided insights that can help improve ride quality, enhance passenger safety, and support the development of more resilient railway infrastructure.
Time Efficiency And Quality Of Section 8 ECRL Project Based On New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)
The East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) is a major infrastructure initiative aimed at improving connectivity between the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia through modern railway technology. One of the tunneling methods used in the project is the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). However, there is limited research analyzing the relationship between time efficiency and quality in NATM applications. This study focuses on identifying factors that influence time efficiency in NATM within the ECRL project, determining time efficiency based on NATM implementation, and exploring the correlation between time efficiency and construction quality. The research relies on secondary data from ECRL documentation, including the Detailed Implementation Program (DIP), actual tunneling progress records, Non-Conformance Reports (NCR), and quality inspection reports. These data sources are used to evaluate time efficiency and analyze tunnel construction quality. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel to compare planned and actual excavation progress, calculate productivity rates, and generate time efficiency ratios and graphs. Quality measures were assessed by analyzing the number of NCRs and results from quality inspections. The study revealed a correlation between time efficiency and tunnel quality, as variations in time efficiency corresponded with the frequency of NCRs issued. Overall, the research provides a detailed assessment of how time efficiency in NATM tunnel construction impacts construction quality. The findings offer valuable insights that can support future project planning, enhance productivity, and improve overall quality control in similar tunneling projects across Malaysia and beyond.
Study on the Characterization of Fillers and Different Rubber Crumb Ratio for Car’s Bumper
This study investigates the development of sustainable composite materials using recycled rubber crumb and PVC pipe fillers for automotive bumper applications. Composites were prepared using epoxy resin and hardener, with rubber crumb incorporated at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% weight ratios to assess the influence on mechanical performance. Standardized mechanical tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D638 (tensile), D790 (bending), and D6110 (impact). The 20% rubber crumb composition exhibited the highest tensile strength at 33.73 MPa and a maximum force of 1214 N, while the 40% composition demonstrated the best bending strength at 147.39 MPa. The 80% composition absorbed the highest impact energy at 0.13 J, indicating its suitability for applications requiring high energy absorption. These results highlight the potential for optimizing mechanical properties through tailored rubber crumb content. The 20% composition was identified as the most balanced option for bumper applications, offering strength, stiffness, and impact resistance. This work also promotes environmental sustainability by repurposing end-of-life tire materials into cost-effective, eco-friendly automotive components.
Innovative Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Pumice Stone and Palm Oil Fuel Ash
The increasing demand for sustainable building materials has driven the development of innovative alternatives to traditional concrete. This study explores the incorporation of Pumice Stone (PS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in the production of lightweight concrete. PS, a natural lightweight aggregate, replaces conventional coarse aggregate, while POFA, a byproduct from palm oil mills, serves as a partial cement replacement due to its pozzolanic properties. A total of 48 concrete specimens were prepared using a Department of Environment (DOE) mix design, varying POFA content at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by cement weight. Compressive strength ASTM C39, split tensile strength ASTM C496, and water absorption ASTM C642 tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days. The results revealed that a 20% POFA replacement yielded optimal mechanical performance, lower density, and acceptable water absorption. This confirms the viability of using PS and POFA to produce environmentally friendly, structurally efficient lightweight concrete.
Vision-Based Real-Time Ergonomic Detection in SMEs
As highlighted in this paper, the project development was a real-time ergonomic risk detection system with an eye on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The ultimate purpose of the study is to develop an inexpensive, visual sensor-based surveillance system that could improve the working environment safety through identification of unfavorable postures that can cause working-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD). The system integrates webcam data with Python-anchored pose-estimation software to locate body points and compute body joint angles. Deviations in posture get measured and in case the angle of extension surpasses 20 o angle with the neutral, warnings can be seen and heard in real time to trigger corrections. Attention to ergonomic conflict score is further done through Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) basis of scoring and results saved in CSV format which thereafter analyzed. The prototype system was logically developed, set up and tested under an SME-like construct. The experimental data showed that the system can recognize unsafe postures correctly and the feedback was timely as well as effective at encouraging employees to correct themselves in behavioral patterns. The data recorded also indicated the trend of ergonomic risk during working time periods and this proved the effectiveness of the system. The work is planned to be enhanced in the future to fine-tune operation under lighting conditions changes, be capable of detection multiple workers simultaneously, and test the algorithm on more diverse SME configurations. This paper shows the possibility of inexpensive, real-time, vision-based solutions in enhancing ergonomic operations and boosting the safety and security of employees in SMEs.
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering Technology (Insudtrial Automation) with honours
Comparative Study of Alum and Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder in Turbidity Removal from River Water and Synthetic Solution (Kaolin)
As the global population continues to rise, the demand for clean water has been growing, making water pollution and its attendant dangers, such as turbidity, a key issue in developing countries. Alum and other conventional coagulants are to help reduce turbidity but also threaten the environment and human health by becoming toxic and creating sludge. One of the objectives of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera seed powder, a natural coagulant, in the removal of turbidity from water in comparison with Alum, which is a commonly used coagulant in water treatment. Thus, the study determines the best working conditions such as pH, dosage and settling time of coagulant. Water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH and others were used to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulants in water treatment, through experiments carried out with a synthetic kaolin suspension and a natural river water sample. To characterise the chemical structure of Moringa Oleifera seed powder and verify its physical properties, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) & Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) were analysed. Our results showed that Moringa Oleifera effectively reduced turbidity, achieving comparable or higher results than those obtained with Alum. On top of that, Moringa Oleifera produced almost no sludge, making it a more environmentally friendly option. The finding of this study provides information that Moringa Oleifera is an effective, cheap and environmentally friendly coagulant, and this may be a potential solution for areas with difficulties accessing chemical coagulants for water treatment. These results underscore the potential of natural coagulants as a low-cost solution to improve water quality in underdeveloped areas.
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (ENVIRONMENT) WITH HONOURS
IoT-Enabled Dual Authentication System Using RFID and Passcode for College Dormitories
This project developed an IoT-enabled dual authentication system using RFID and passcodes for university dormitory security. Conventional access control methods like mechanical locks, standalone RFID cards, or passwords alone are insufficient due to vulnerabilities such as duplicated keys, cloned cards, and compromised passwords. The proposed system integrates RFID and passcode validation using an ESP32 microcontroller, providing two-step verification for authorized residents. The system includes IoT functionality through Firebase Realtime Database to log all access attempts and failed authentications, enabling real-time monitoring. Hardware components include RFID readers, keypads, SG90 servo motors, LCD display, and buzzer for user feedback. When both authentication factors are verified, the system unlocks doors and automatically re-locks after a set period. Administrative override using master RFID card and passcode is available for lockout recovery. Testing demonstrated reliable user authentication, unauthorized entry prevention, and effective event recording. The prototype showed good usability, response speed, durability, and feedback mechanisms. The dual verification approach significantly enhances security over traditional methods and offers a scalable solution for dormitory access control. By combining secure hardware with real-time cloud integration, the system improves student safety and provides administrators with efficient monitoring tools.
Internet of Things (IoT), Dual authentication, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Access control system
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering Technology (Communication and Computer) with Honours
IOT Based Outdoor Manhole Detection and Monitoring System
The IoT-Based Outdoor Manhole Detection and Monitoring System aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of municipal infrastructure maintenance through real-time monitoring. Traditional manual inspections are labour-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to errors, which can lead to accidents and costly repairs. This system integrates IoT technology, using sensors and a microcontroller to monitor key parameters such as gas concentration, water level, temperature, and lid displacement in areas like manholes, landfills, and farm ponds. Data is processed and transmitted via cloud platforms or mobile applications, enabling timely alerts and responses. By reducing the need for manual checks, the system minimizes risks to workers and the public. Its scalable design allows for easy integration with smart city systems, promoting environmental sustainability and public safety.
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia