Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phytochemicals from Mangifera Indica Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as a green solvent compared to methanol in enhancing phytochemical extraction yield and phytochemical recovery from Mangifera indica leaves via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The prepared NADES solvent was obtained by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) with oxalic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio. Characterization was conducted using FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening. The percentage yield of phytochemical compounds extracted with NADES (39.57 %) was higher than that of methanol (36.35 %). The surface morphology result indicated that NADES altered the Mangifera indica L. texture to a uniform size and pore structure. The phytochemical screening test showed positive results in the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolics. This study demonstrated that NADES, functioning as an environmentally friendly solvent, exhibited the capacity to serve as a viable substitute for conventional organic solvents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the use of choline chloride–oxalic acid NADES combined with UAE for phytochemical extraction from Mangifera indica leaves.